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IT Security and Risk Management
April 2025 Examination
1. Define Information Security and explain the key components
of Secrecy and Confidentiality, Accuracy, Integrity, and Authenticity in
ensuring data protection. Provide examples where these principles are crucial
in real-world applications. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Information Security (InfoSec)
is a critical aspect of managing and safeguarding digital assets in the modern
world. It refers to the practice of protecting information from unauthorized
access, disclosure, modification, or destruction. The rapid advancement of
technology and increasing reliance on digital systems have made data protection
a priority for businesses, governments, and individuals. Any compromise in
security can lead to severe financial losses,
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2. Define Network Stalking and Fingerprinting in the
context of ethical hacking. Discuss how hackers use network stalking techniques
to gather sensitive information about an organization's network, and how
ethical hackers use fingerprinting to identify devices and services in the
network. Provide examples of how these techniques can be used to enhance
security assessments and prevent data breaches. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
In
the realm of cybersecurity and ethical hacking, network stalking and fingerprinting
are two crucial techniques used to gather intelligence about a network. While
network stalking is often associated with malicious activities such as cyber
espionage and reconnaissance by attackers, fingerprinting is widely used by
ethical hackers to assess the security posture of an organization. Both
techniques involve analyzing and mapping network infrastructures, devices, and
services to identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited by cybercriminals.
Understanding these
3. Scenario: Your organization is implementing a new system
for managing sensitive customer data. The system needs to ensure that only
authorized personnel can access specific types of information, such as
financial details and personal records.
a. What steps would you take to design an effective
access control system for managing sensitive customer data while adhering to
industry standards and compliance requirements? (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
In
today’s digital landscape, managing access to sensitive customer data is a
critical aspect of cybersecurity. Organizations handling financial and personal
information must implement a robust access control system to prevent
unauthorized access, data breaches, and compliance violations. An effective
access control system ensures that only authorized personnel can view or modify
specific types of information, maintaining data confidentiality, integrity, and
availability. To achieve this, the system must adhere to industry standards
such as GDPR, HIPAA,
b.
Compare and contrast DAC (Discretionary Access Control), MAC (Mandatory Access
Control), and RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) for this scenario. Which model
would you recommend, and why? (5
Marks)
Ans
3b.
Introduction
Access
control models define how users are granted or restricted access to data and
resources within an organization. Discretionary Access Control (DAC), Mandatory
Access Control (MAC), and Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) are three widely
used models, each with distinct characteristics. Choosing the right model
depends on the security requirements, regulatory compliance, and operational
needs of the organization. In the context of managing sensitive
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