SUBJECT: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT

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SUBJECT: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT

COURSE : Total Marks : 80

NB.1) All questions carry equal marks.

2) All questions are compulsory.

3} read questions carefully.

4} Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q. 1) “Management is the art of getting things done”. Explain and bring out the nature andfeature of management? (10 Marks)

Answer:Nature or Characteristics of Management:Management has a dynamic nature. It means that management is an organizing and unceasing element or concept. Management does not occur by rigid formula or fixed pattern. It is ever-present reality of organizational life. Management does not carry out the work himself, but the managers get the work done through other people by pioneering, leading, motivating and controlling their activities, efforts and behaviour. The following important characteristics of features of management clearly indicate

Q. 2) Define leadership and state the qualities of a successful leader? (10 Marks)

Answer:More than 50 qualities have been identified that are important to great leaders. But there are seven leadership qualities that seem to stand out as being more important than the others. The good news is that each of these Leadership qualities can be learned, and they must be learned by practice and repetition.

Vision: Great leaders have vision. They can see into the future. They have a clear, exciting idea of where they are going and what they are trying to accomplish and are excellent at strategic planning. This quality separates them from managers. Having a clear vision turns the individual into a special type of person. This quality of vision changes a “transactional manager” into a “transformational leader.” While a manager gets the job done, great leaders tap into the emotions of their employees.

Courage: “Courage is rightly considered the foremost

Q. 3) What is span of control? Identify the factors determining span of control? (10 Marks)

Answer:Span of control is simply the number of staff that report to a manager. Some companies also have an ideal span of control, which is the number of reports they feel a manager can effectively manage. In this case, if a manager has fewer reports than the ideal, they may feel he or she is not being effectively used, while if he or she is handling more they may feel that the manager is over-stretched and the reports will not receive enough direction.

The span of control of the average manager in an organization determines the width of the organization as seen when viewing the organizational chart.

Q. 4) Enumerate and explain the important principles of an Organization? (10 Marks)

Answer:Proper understanding of management principles is very necessary and helpful for managers as these principles act as guidelines for managerial activities. By practising principles managers can avoid various mistakes while dealing with people in the organisation.

1.       Principle of unity of objectives: Organizational goals, departmental goals, and individual goals must be clearly defined. All goals and objectives must have uniformity. When there is contradiction among different level of goals

2.        

Q. 5) Write short notes (any two) (10 Marks)

Q. a) Maslow’s theory of motivation

Answer: Abraham Maslow is considered to be the father of Humanistic Psychology,also known as the "Third Force". Humanistic Psychology incorporatesaspects of both Behavioral Psychology and Psychoanalytic Psychology. Behaviorists believe that human behavior is controlled by external environmentalfactors. Psychoanalytic Psychology is based on the idea that human behavior iscontrolled by internal unconscious forces. Though he studied

Q. b) Advantages of delegation

Answer: 1. Minimize Work Load Of Managers:Delegation of authority minimizes the workload of managers.They can assign regular and routine nature of work to their subordinates while they concentrate more effectively in managerial and creative functions. In this way, delegation of authority helps in improving managerial efficiency and effectiveness.

2. Benefit Of Specialization: Specialization is the means of success in a dynamic environment.The management delegates authority as well as responsibility to subordinates on the basis of their ability and knowledge. This contributes in the development of the concept of specialization among the subordinates.

c) Line Organization

d) Selection Process

Answer:

Q. 6) Explain the following concept (any two) (10 Marks)

Q. 1) Planning

Answer: Planning is a basic management function involving formulation of one or more detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with the available resources. The planning process (1) identifies the goals or objectives to be achieved, (2) formulates strategies to achieve them, (3) arranges or creates the means required, and (4) implements, directs, and monitors all steps in their proper sequence.The control of development by a local

Q. 2) Decision –Making Organization

Answer: Decision-making is a crucial part of good business. The question then is ‘how is a good decision made?

One part of the answer is good information, and experience in interpreting information. Consultation ie seeking the views and expertise of other people also helps, as does the ability to admit one was wrong and change one’s mind. There are also aids to decision-making, various techniques which help to make information clearer and better analysed, and to add numerical and objective precision to decision-making (where appropriate) to reduce the

3) Organization

4) Staffing

Q. 7) Define Performance Appraisal. Discuss two modern and two traditional methods ofPerformance appraisal? (10 Marks)

Answer:It is a process by which a manager or consultant (1) examines and evaluates an employee's work behavior by comparing it with preset standards, (2) documents the results of the comparison, and (3) uses the results to provide feedback to the employee to show where improvements are needed and why.  Performance appraisals are employed to determine who needs what training, and who will be promoted, demoted, retained, or fired.

Q. 8) What is Organizational Change? Discuss the causes for resistance to change? (10 Marks)

Answer:Organizational change is both the process in which an organization changes its structure, strategies, operational methods, technologies, or organizational culture to affect change within the organization and the effects of these changes on the organization. Organizational change can be continuous or occur for distinct periods of time.

General Concepts: The study of organizational change is interdisciplinary in nature and draws from the fields of psychology, sociology, political science,

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