SC0001 –SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT



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Summer 2013


MBA (SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT)
SEMESTER 3
SC0001 –SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT -4 CREDITS
(BOOK ID B1542)


Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

Q1. Describe the important inventory management techniques that are used in business.
(Description of Just-In-Time , Drop shipping, Bulk shipments, Record
keeping, Physical inventory ,Cleaning out old inventory-10 marks)
Answer :  Inventory Management Techniques
The following ideas come from solutions I recommended to my small business clients including retail stores, auto service departments, service companies and contractors:
- Checklist for standard inventory
- Control access to the inventory
- Inventory staging ideas
- Use inventory groupings

Q2. Discuss the seven steps that comprise a process to develop and deploy supplier assessment.
(Alignment of goals-1.25 marks; Choose evaluation approach-2.5 marks;
Develop information collection method -1.25 marks; Design a robust assessment system-1.25 marks ; Deploy the system; -1.25 marks; Give actionable feedback -1.25 marks; Produce results-1.25 marks)
Answer :

Answer : GP Strategies’ Operational Excellence Practice has helped Fortune 100 companies develop effective supply chain development initiatives, and we know the key design considerations and tradeoffs. Our Supply Chain Development model helps you integrate operational, transactional,


Q3. Define distribution strategy. Explain the different types of distribution strategies that are widely used.
(Definition of distribution strategy – mark; Types of distribution strategies – 9 marks)
Answer : For product-focused companies, establishing the most appropriate distribution strategies is a major key to success, defined as maximizing sales and profits. Unfortunately, many of these companies often fail to establish or maintain the most effective distribution strategies. Problems that we have identified include:

·         Unwillingness to establish different distribution channels for different products
·         Fear of utilizing multiple channels,


Q4. E-Procurement is the business-to-business purchase and sale of supplies and services through the Internet. Write short notes on e-procurement.

(Types of e-procurement ; Various formats used in e-procurement; E-activities; Latest development in electronic procurement; Benefits of e-procurement – 2 marks each, total 10 marks)
Answer : Types :
·         The first (and most common) is integration into core ERP/MRP environments focused on core financials and inventory. We should note that rarely is any financials integration “vanilla,” even in the case of standard ERP/MRP integration, which often forms the connectivity between front line buying and procurement activity and IT/ finance systems. Even in this area, typical fields that
·          

Q5. Several factors add up to the success of mass customisation. These factors can be grouped into four categories. Discuss the four categories.

(Customer sensitivity; Process amenability; Competitive environment ;Organisational readiness – 2.5 marks each, total 10 marks)
Answer : The objective of mass customization is to produce goods and services meetingindividual customer’s needs with near mass production efficiency (Tseng and Jiao,2001). Mass customization is a hybrid manufacturing concept existing to providehighly value added products. It is about delivering the desired product after the needsof an individual customer have been expressed (Piller, 2004). A standard product thatbears certain flexibility, so

Q6. Discuss the three components of Decision Support System (DSS).

(Definition of Decision Support System1 mark; explanation of components-9 marks) Three
10 marks
Answer : Components of Decision Support Systems


Decision support systems vary greatly in application and complexity, but they all share specific features. A typical Decision support systems has four components: data management, model management, knowledge management and user interface management.

4.1 Data Management Component


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BBA303 – QUALITY MANAGEMENT




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Summer2013

Bachelor of Business Administration – BBA Semester 3
BBA 303 – QUALITY MANAGEMENT – 4 CREDITS
(BOOK ID B1597)
Assignment – 60 Marks

Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.


Q1.QC is often performed by a team of professionals who use specific techniques. These techniques do vary depending on the intended measurement. Without QC techniques, a company would likely rely on standard processes without knowing how well they are performing. Briefly explain these techniques.
(Explanation of: Failure Testing (FT), Acceptance Sampling (AS),Statistical Process Control (SPC), Analytical Quality Control (AQC), Software Tool , Customer Surveys (CS) – 10 marks ,equal marks for all techniques)10 marks
Answer : Many companies that manufacture products or offer services implement a standard for quality control. This is likely a way to monitor whether products meet specifications and services are satisfactory. Quality control techniques, therefore, may vary depending upon the intended measurement.





Q2.Write short notes on partnering?

(3 broad categories of relationships – 3 marks; Goals of partnership – 2 marks; Key requirements for successful partnerships any five – 5 marks)10 marks

Answer : Partnering is a project approach designed to allow the design and construction process to be performed within an environment of mutual trust, commitment to shared goals, and open communication among the client, architect/engineer, construction manager, general contractor (if applicable), and subcontractors. Partnering establishes a working relationship among all of the team members based on a mutually agreeable plan of




Q3.What are the different types of benchmarking and explain the reasons for benchmarking?

(Different types of bench Marking: Performance benchmarking or operational benchmarking, Process benchmarking or functional benchmarking, Strategic benchmarking – 6 marks i.e. 2 marks each; reasons for Benchmarking (any four reasons)- 4 marks)10 marks
Answer :  a.    Strategic Benchmarking involves examining long-term strategies, for example regarding core competencies, new product and service development or improving capabilities for dealing with change. This type of benchmarking is used by successful high performers in order to improve a business’s overall performance.



Q4.Discuss customer expectations and customer delight.

(Importance of customer satisfaction – 2 marks; characteristics of dissatisfied customers – 2 marks; Factors for generating customer expectation– 1 mark; Reasons to meet customer expectations– 2 marks; definition and explanation of customer delight – 2 marks; Bearing of customer expectation on customer delight – 1 mark)10 marks
Answer : Customers expect certain things when they walk into a business, and those with the highest level of service will know how to identify those expectations and meet them to the customer's satisfaction.
However, this process is not as easy as it sounds – customer expectations are a dynamic feature that ebbs and flows regularly in accordance with a wide

Q5.Provide a short overview of the Deming Prize.
( Background of Deming prize – 1 mark; Deming Prize categories – 3 marks; Deming Prize Criteria – 3 marks ; Deming Prize Committee – 3 marks)10 marks

Answer : What is the Deming Prize?      

The Deming Prize is an annual award presented to an organization that has implemented TQM suitable for its management philosophy, scope/type/scale of business, and management environment.
Regardless of the types of business, any organization can apply for the Prize under certain conditions, be it public or private, large or small, domestic or overseas, or part of or entire organization.
There is no limit to the number of potential



Q6.What are different factors of productivity? How is productivity expressed in terms of factors?
(Factors of productivity include land, space, labour, machine, capital, material, and overhead. – 4 marks; Productivity expressed as partial factor productivity, multifactor productivity, and total productivity – 6 marks)10 marks

Answer :Increasing employee productivity is a key component in growing company revenue. Management can take several steps to help increase productivity for the long-term. When a company takes the time to understand and implement the factors that improve productivity in the workplace, it is making a positive investment in the organization's future.

Proactive Employees
According to the management training


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BBA304 - Advertising and sales




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Summer 2013

Bachelor of Business Administration- BBA Semester 3

BBA 304 - Advertising and sales - 4 Credits
(Book ID: B1598)
Assignment- 60 marks

Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

Q1. What is the meaning of advertising? Explain the advertising pyramid with a neat diagram.
(meaning- 4 marks, advertising pyramid- 6 marks) 10 marks

Answer : Advertising or advertizingis a form of communication for marketing and used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. This type of work belongs to a category called affective labor.


Q2. What do you understand by Integrated marketing communication (IMC)? What are the various roles of IMC?
( meaning - 5 marks, roles – 5 marks) 10 marks
Answer : Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is a term that emerged in the late 20th century regarding application of consistent brand messaging across myriad marketing channels. The term has varying definitions depending upon the source cited. These definitions continue to form an ongoing discussion in marketing - and therefore are included here for review, as the differences in these discussions can play a part in how IMC is viewed and utilized.


Q3. While developing an advertisement, some theories are useful. Discuss the two theories to design an advertisement.
( 2 theories- 5 marks each) 10 marks
Answer : Advertising Design: Theoretical Frameworks and Types of Appeals

There are  different advertising theories or approaches that guide the advertising campaign design. These theories are

·         Advertising Theories
·         Hierarchy of Effects Model
·         Means-End Theory

Q4. What do you mean by Public relations (PR)? What are the difference between PR and advertising?
( meaning- 5 marks, differences- 5 marks) 10 marks
Answer : Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization and the public.[1] Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment.[2] The aim of public relations by a company often is to persuade the public, investors, partners, employees, and other stakeholders to maintain a certain point of view about it, its leadership, products, or of



Q5. What are the four types of analysis used to develop a comprehensive model for evaluation of a sales organisation?
(four types of analysis - 10 marks) 10 marks
Answer : If you deliver training for your team or your organization, then you probably know how important it is to measure its effectiveness. After all, you don't want to spend time or money on training that doesn't provide a good return.
Many needs assessments are available for use in different employment contexts. Sources that can help you determine which needs analysis

Q6. Describe the meaning and importance of media mix decision.
( meaning- 5 marks, importance- 5 marks) 10 marks

Answer : Meaning :

Mixed media, in visual art, refers to an artwork in the making of which more than one medium has been employed.

There is an important distinction between "mixed-media" artworks and "multimedia art". Mixed media tends to refer to a work of visual art that combines various traditionally distinct visual art media.
When creating a painted or photographed work using mixed media it is important to choose the layers carefully and allow enough drying time between the layers to ensure the final work will have structural integrity. If many different media
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BBA301 – Legal and Regulatory Framework




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Summer 2013

Bachelor of Business Administration- BBA Semester 3
BBA301 – Legal and Regulatory Framework - 4 Credits
(Book ID: B1595)
Assignment- 60 marks

Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

Q1.Discuss how important are the essentials of a contract.
(explanation of the essentials of a contract- 10 marks)(7 10 marks
Answer : An agreement must contain four essential elements to be regarded as a contract. If any one of them is missing, the agreement will not be legally binding.
Offer

There must be a definite, clearly stated offer to do something. For example: A quotation by sub-contractor to the main contractor and an offer to lease.



Q2.Differentiate between condition and warranty . (differences-10 marks)10 marks
Answer : CONDITION :-
It is defined in the following words, "A condition is stipulation essential breach to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which give rise to a right to treat the contract as repudiated."

So according the above definition it is clear that condition is very essential for the performance of a contract. The breach of condition will be regarded as the breach of the whole contract.


Q3.Distinguish between the characteristics of Partnership and company.
(explanation of differences between Partnership and Company-10 marks)10 marks

Answer : Many proposed start-ups find it difficult to decide whether to incorporate a company or a partnership concern. Understanding the differences between the two would solve this problem.

The major difference between companies and partnerships may be considered under the following headings:

Formation:


Q4.Discuss the differences between FERA and FEMA.
(explanation of differences between FERA and FEMA-10 marks)10 marks
Answer : FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act) was passed in 1947 which was amended in 1973. The new FERA came into force from 1.1.1974. The objective was the conservation of India’s Foreign Exchange reserves, judicious use of foreign exchange, using mainly in these sector which require foreign technol­ogy.


Transactions in foreign exchange were


Q5.What is the difference between Environment pollution and Environment Pollutant?
(differences-10 marks)10 marks

Answer : Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.

 

Pollution and Pollutants

Pollution is defined as an 'undesirable change in the



Q6.What are the objectives for enactment of the Information Technology Act, 2000. What is its relevance to any organisation.
(objectives- 4 marks; importance -3 marks; significance-3 marks)10 Marks

Answer : Until recently, many information technology (IT) professionals lacked awareness of an interest in the cyber crime phenomenon. In many cases, law enforcement officers have lacked the tools needed to tackle the problem; old laws didn’t quite fit the crimes being committed, new laws hadn’t quite caught up to the reality of what was happening, and there were few court precedents to look to for guidance? Furthermore, debates over


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BBA302 – Human Resource Management




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Summer 2013

Bachelor of Business Administration - BBA Semester 3

BBA302 – Human Resource Management – 4 Credits
(Book ID: B1596)
Assignment - 60 marks

Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should not exceed 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.


Q1.Explain the importance of Human Resource Management (HRM). What are the objectives and features of HRM?
(meaning of HRM – 2, importance - 4, objectives - 2, features of HRM- 2)10 marks

Answer : HRM means to Select, Develop, Motivate and Maintain human resources, in the organisation. It first selects the right human resources or staff (i.e. managers and employees). It trains and develops them. It motivates them by giving them recognition and rewards. It also provides them with the best working conditions.

Ø  Importance of Human Resource Management

Q2.What is personnel management? Differentiate between personal management and HRM.
(definition – 3, difference between personal management and HRM – 7)10 marks
Answer : Personnel management can be defined as obtaining, using and maintaining a satisfied workforce. It is a significant part of management concerned with employees at work and with their relationship within the organization.

According to Flippo,Personnel management is the planning, organizing, compensation, integration and maintainance of people for the purpose of contributing to organizational, individual and societal goals.”

According to Brech,Personnel Management is that part which is primarily concerned with human resource of organization.”


Q3.What are the objectives of human resource planning (HRP)? What are the factors that are affecting HRP?
(meaning of HRP – 1, objectives – 2, factors: internal and external – 7)10 marks
Answer : Meaning : The ongoing process of systematic planning to achieve optimum use of an organization's most valuable asset - its human resources. The objective of human resource (HR) planning is to ensure the best fit between employees and jobs, while avoiding manpower shortages or surpluses. The three key elements of the HR planning



Q4.Explain the importance of recruitment. What are the merits and demerits of internal recruitment?
(meaning of recruitment – 2, importance – 3, meaning of internal recruitment – 1, merits of internal recruitment – 2, demerits -2)10 marks

Answer : Meaning : Recruitment refers to the process of attracting, screening, selecting, and onboarding a qualified person for a job. At the strategic level it may involve the development of an employer brand which includes an 'employee offering'.
                                                        
Ø  Importance of recruitment :

Recruitment

It is important to list the skills your new hire will need to fulfill his duties. You get much better results in your recruitment process if you advertise specific
Q5.What is the purpose of performance appraisal? List the various methods of performance appraisal. Describe the ‘360 degrees appraisal’ method.
(meaning of performance appraisal-1, purpose -3, listing the various methods - 3, description of ‘360 degrees appraisal’ method- 3)10 marks
Answer : Meaning : Performance Appraisal is the systematic evaluation of the performance of employees and to understand the abilities of a person for further growth and development. Performance appraisal is generally done in systematic ways which are as follows:

·         The supervisors measure the pay of employees and

Q6.What do you mean by employee grievances? What are the causes of employee grievances? Explain the need for employee counselling and types of employee counselling.
(meaning of employee grievances-2, causes -2, meaning of employee counselling- 2, explanation of its need - 2, types – 2)10 Marks
Answer : Grievance may be any genuine or imaginary feeling of dissatisfaction or injustice which an employee experiences about his job and it’s nature, about the management policies and procedures. It must be expressed by the employee and brought to the notice of the management and the organization. Grievances take the form of collective disputes when they are not resolved.

Grievance may result from the following factors-

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MBF403–CRM and IT in Management


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Summer 2013

Master of Business Administration-Banking & Finance-Semester 4

MBF403–CRM and IT in Management-4 Credits
(Book ID: B1410)
Assignment-60 Marks

Note: Assignment (60 marks) must be written within 6-8 pages. Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should not exceed 400 words and 5 marks should not exceed 200 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.


Q1.Discuss the stages of CRM implementation.
(Concept-2marks; stages-8marks)(7 10 marks

Answer : 1.  Draw up a requirement definition document.  This will list out all the features, capabilities and outputs the new system will need in order to meet your business needs.  It should embrace all the key stakeholders such as the IT department, finance, marketing, business development and the users allowing each party to include their thoughts.  Warning:  don’t let it turn into a wish list (or worse a “wouldn’t it be


Q2.Discuss CRM vendors in brief.
(definition-2marks; methods-8 marks)10 marks
Answer : Customer relationship management (CRM) is a model for managing a company’s interactions with current and future customers. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize sales, marketing, customer service, and technical support.

Technology Selection



Q3.The aim of BPR is to redesign and change the existing practices or process to achieve dramatic improvement in the banks. Discuss the steps involved in BPR and its relation with IT.
(steps- 4 marks; relation with IT-6marks)10 marks
Answer : Business process re-engineering is a business management strategy, originally pioneered in the early 1990s, focusing on the analysis and design of workflows and processes within an organization. BPR aimed to help organizations fundamentally rethink how they do their work in order to dramatically improve customer service, cut operational costs, and become world-class competitors. In the mid-1990s, as many as 60% of the Fortune 500 companies claimed to either have initiated reengineering efforts, or to have plans to do so.




Q4.Explain merchandise banking.
(need- 2 marks; process- 4 marks; factors-4 marks)10 marks
Answer : A merchant bank is a financial institution that provides capital to companies in the form of share ownership instead of loans. A merchant bank also provides advisory on corporate matters to the firms they lend to. In the United Kingdom, the term "merchant bank" refers to an investment bank.
Merchant Banking is a combination of Banking and consultancy services. It provides consultancy, to its clients, for financial, marketing, managerial and legal matters. Consultancy means to provide advice, guidance and service for a fee. It helps a businessman to start a business. It helps to raise (collect) finance. It helps to expand an



Q5.Explain the evolution and transformation of technology in banks.
(evolution- 2 marks; role-4 marks; benefits-4 marks)10 marks
Answer : Technology has creating e-banking or electronic banking. E-Banking can be defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking services and products directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels.

Technology has affected and changed




Q6.Imagine a situation where your cheque is stolen. What are the immediate measures that you would take to save the money which you are going to lose?10 Marks
(description- 3 marks; mechanics of fraud-7marks)
Answer : Stolen checks are a major problem, especially in the current climate of identity theft. It is often the case that a stolen check will be taken to a bank to be cashed. There are no federal laws specific to a bank’s responsibility to guarantee that the person presenting the check for payment is the legitimate recipient of the funds.

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MBF405-Corporate Governance, Ethics and Compliance


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Summer 2013

Master of Business Administration-Banking & Finance-Semester 4

MBF405-Corporate Governance, Ethics and Compliance–4 Credits
(Book ID: B1411)
Assignment-60 Marks

Note: Assignment (60 marks) must be written within 6-8 pages. Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should not exceed 400 words and 5 marks should not exceed 200 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.


Q1.Consider you are the manager of a banking organisation. You find negligence of work. In such a situation, what theory of ethics can be applied?
(Concept-2marks; Ethics- -8marks)(7 10 marks
Answer : It doesn’t matter what you build, invent or sell; your organization can’t move forward without people. CEOs, company founders and managers the world over know that keeping the teams beneath them moving forward together in harmony means the difference between winning and dying.

 Theories & ethics to be applied to make your employee work harder :

Ø  Build Ownership Among Your Crew




Q2.Explain the conflicts involved in decision making.
(definition-2marks; methods-8 marks)10 marks
Answer : Management usually views workplace conflict in a negative light, and with good reason. Workplace fights, figurative and literal, seldom end well. However, some human resource authorities, including a Monash University webpage titled "Guide to Managing Conflict," say that workplace conflict is an opportunity for an organization to improve, provided the resolution to the conflict is handled well. Conflict shakes an



Q3.Consider a minimum of five financial scams that took place previously. Try to analyse why it is considered to be a scam and which operational area it belongs to.
(Operational areas of Financial ethics-10marks)10 marks
Answer : A confidence trick (synonyms include confidence scheme and scam) is an attempt to defraud a person or group after first gaining their confidence. A confidence artist (or con artist) is an individual, operating alone or in concert with others, who exploits characteristics of the human psyche such as dishonesty, honesty, vanity, compassion, credulity, irresponsibility, naïveté, or greed.

There is one industry that is growing rapidly: financial scams. These range from the sophisticated to the downright weird – but all have the same aim


Q4.Define public policy management and analyse the public policy process.
(explanation- 2 marks; policy- 8marks)10 marks
Answer : Public policy is the principled guide to action taken by the administrative executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. In general, the foundation is the pertinent national and substantial constitutional law and implementing legislation such as the US Federal code. Further substrates include both judicial interpretations and regulations

Q5.Describe internal Corporate Governance mechanism .
(types-2 marks; need-4 marks; challenges-6 marks)10 marks
Answer : Effective corporate governance is essential if a business wants to set and meet its strategic goals. A corporate governance structure combines controls, policies and guidelines that drive the organization toward its objectives while also satisfying stakeholders' needs. A corporate governance structure is often a combination of various mechanisms.

Types :
·         Internal Mechanism
The foremost sets of controls for a corporation come from its internal mechanisms. These controls monitor the progress and activities of the



Q6.Describe Corporate Governance from a bank’s perspective.10 Marks
(Importance-3 marks; practices-3marks; performance in banks-4 marks)
Answer : Corporate governance refers to the system by which corporations are directed and controlled. The governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation (such as the board of directors, managers, shareholders, creditors, auditors, regulators, and other
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MBF404–International Financial Management




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Summer 2013

Master of Business Administration- Banking & Finance-Semester 4
MBF 404–International Financial Management - 4 Credits
(Book ID: B1759)
Assignment- 60marks

Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

Q1. Globalization is a process of international integration that arises due to increasing human connectivity as well as the interchange of products, ideas and other aspects of culture. Give brief introduction of globalization and identify its advantages and disadvantages.
Answer : Globalization :
Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Put in simple terms, globalization refers to processes that increase world-wide exchanges of national and cultural resources. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise


Q2. Foreign exchange markets, where money in one currency is exchanged for another. Write the history of foreign exchange. Explain the fixed and floating rates and the advantages and disadvantages of fixed rates system.
Answer : History of foreign exchange :
The foreign exchange market  as we know it today originated in 1973. However, money has been around in one form or another since the time of Pharaohs. The Babylonians are credited with the first use of paper bills and receipts, but Middle Eastern moneychangers were the first currency traders who exchanged coins from one culture to another. During the middle ages, the need for another form of currency besides coins emerged as the method of choice. These paper bills represented transferable third-party payments of funds, making foreign currency

Q3. Swap is an agreement between two or more parties to exchange sets of cash flows over a period in future. What do you understand by swap? Explain its features, kinds of swap and various types of interest rates swap.
Answer : Meaning of swap :
In finance, a foreign exchange swap, forex swap, or FX swap is a simultaneous purchase and sale of identical amounts of one currency for another with two different value dates (normally spot to forward). Foreign Exchange Swap allows sums of a certain currency to be used to fund charges designated in another currency without acquiring foreign exchange risk.
A foreign exchange swap consists of two legs:
a spot foreign exchange transaction,


Q4. International credit markets are the forum where companies and governments can obtain credit. Bring out your understanding on international credit markets and explain the two very important aspects of international credit market. Refer and give one example.
Answer : International credit market :
1. The broad market for companies looking to raise funds through debt issuance. The credit market encompasses both investment-grade bonds and junk bonds, as well as short-term commercial paper.
2. The market for debt offerings as seen by investors of bonds, notes and securitized obligations such as mortgage pools and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). The credit markets dwarf the equity markets in terms of dollar value. As such, the current state of the credit markets tells us the relative health of a large portion of the financial community if


Q5. Cost of capital is the minimum rate of return required by a firm on its investment in order to provide the rate of return by its suppliers of capital. Describe the cost of capital across countries.
Answer : Effect of country difference in the cost of debt :
The effective rate that a company pays on its current debt. This can be measured in either before- or after-tax returns; however, because interest expense is deductible, the after-tax cost is seen most often. This is one part of the company's capital structure, which also includes the cost of equity. A company will use various bonds, loans and other forms of debt, so this measure is useful for giving an idea as to the overall rate being paid by the company to use debt financing. To get the after-tax rate, you simply multiply the before-tax rate by one minus the marginal


Q6. Explain the principles of taxation and double taxation. Give some important points on tax havens and its types.
Answer : Principles of taxation :
(1) Adequacy: taxes should be just-enough to generate revenue required for provision of essential public services.
(2) Broad Basing: taxes should be spread over as wide as possible section of the population, or sectors of economy, to minimize the individual tax burden.
(3) Compatibility: taxes should be coordinated to ensure tax neutrality and overall objectives of good governance.



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