BT0068, Computer Organization and Architecture

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ASSIGNMENT

PROGRAM	BSc IT
SEMESTER	SECOND
SUBJECT CODE & NAME	BT0068, Computer Organization and Architecture
CREDIT	4
BK ID	B0952
MAX.MARKS	60

1. Define microoperation and explain its types.

Answer: In computer central processing units, micro-operations (also known as a micro-ops or μops) are detailed low-level instructions used in some designs to implement complex machine instructions (sometimes termed macro-instructions in this context).

Usually, micro-operations perform basic operations on data stored in one or more registers, including transferring data between registers or between registers and external buses of the central processing unit (CPU), and performing arithmetic or logical operations on registers. In a typical fetch-decode-execute cycle, each step of a

2. Describe bus in computer system and explain its structure.

Answer: In computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers. Early computer buses were literally parallel electrical wires with multiple connections, but Modern computer buses can use both parallel and bit serial connections.

Single bus structure

To achieve a reasonable speed of operation, a computer must be organized so that all its units can handle one full word of data at a given time. When a word of data is transferred between units, all its bits are transferred in parallel, that is, the bits are transferred simultaneously over many wires, or lines, one bit per line. A group of lines that serves

3.Explain the simple instruction format with diagram and examples.

Answer: Computer instructions are the basic components of a machine language program. They are also known as macrooperations, since each one is comprised of a sequences of microoperations.

Each instruction initiates a sequence of microoperations that fetch operands from registers or memory, possibly perform arithmetic, logic, or shift operations, and store results in registers or memory.

Instructions are encoded as binary instr

4. Explain infinite-precision and finite-precision ten's complement.

Answer: Infinite-precision ten's complement

Imagine the odometer of an automobile. It has a certain number of wheels, each with the ten digits on it. When one wheel goes from 9 to 0, the wheel immediately to the left of it, advances by one position. If that wheel already showed 9, it too goes to 0 and advances the wheel to its left, etc. Suppose we run the car backwards. Then the reverse happens, i.e. when a wheel goes from 0 to 9, the wheel to its left decreases by one.

5. Explain the mapping functions between the main memory and CPU.

Answer: The main memory of the computer is also known as RAM, standing for Random Access Memory. It is constructed from integrated circuits and needs to have electrical power in order to maintain its information. When power is lost, the information is lost too! It can be directly accessed by the CPU. The access time to read or write any particular byte are independent of whereabouts in the memory that byte is, and currently is approximately 50 nanoseconds (a thousand millionth of a second). This is broadly comparable with the speed at which the CPU will need to access data. Main memory is expensive compared to external memory so it has limited capacity. The capacity available for a given price is increasing all the time. For example many home Personal Computers now have a capacity of 16 megabytes (million bytes), while 64 megabytes is commonplace on commercial workstations. The CPU will normally transfer data to and from the main memory in groups of two, four or eight bytes, even if the operation it is undertaking only requires a single byte.

Caching configurations continue to evolve, but memo

6. Explain interrupt and interrupt driven I/O.

Answer: An interrupt is a signal from a device attached to a computer or from a program within the computer that causes the main program that operates the computer (the operating system ) to stop and figure out what to do next. Almost all personal (or larger) computers today are interrupt-driven - that is, they start down the list of computer instruction s in one program (perhaps an application such as a word processor) and keep running the instructions until either (A) they can't go any further or (B) an interrupt signal is sensed. After the interrupt signal is sensed, the computer either resumes running the program it was running or begins running another program.

Basically, a single computer can perform only one computer instruction at a time. But, because it can be interrupted, it can take turns in which programs or

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