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Legal
Aspect of Business
Dec
2025 Examination
Q1. Ravi and
Priya want to start a company to sell organic food products. Their consultant
tells them they must prepare and register a Memorandum of Association (MOA)
with the Registrar of Companies.
Ravi thinks the
MOA is just a registration formality. Priya says it is important because it
decides what the company can and cannot do.
A year later,
they plan to start a travel agency under the same company. Can they do this
without changing their MOA? Explain the purpose of registering an MOA and
advise them. (10 Marks)
Q2(A). Ravi
agrees to supply 1,000 chairs to Meera for Rs.5,00,000. After delivering 600
chairs, Ravi asks for payment for those. Meera refuses, saying the contract was
for the full 1,000 chairs and she will only pay after all are delivered.
Later, Meera
sells 500 of the chairs already delivered.
Can Ravi claim
payment for the 600 chairs? Explain using the concept of partial performance
under the Indian Contract Act, referring to when such partial performance can
be accepted or rejected. (5 Marks)
Q2(B). Ramesh, a
shopkeeper, is unconscious after a road accident. His neighbour Suresh takes
him to a private hospital, which immediately provides emergency treatment worth
Rs.50,000. After recovering, Ramesh refuses to pay, saying there was no
agreement between him and the hospital. The hospital asks Suresh to pay, but
Suresh says he only helped and should be reimbursed.
Advise the
hospital and Suresh using the concept of quasi-contract under the Indian
Contract Act. (5 Marks)
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Manpower Planning,
Recruitment and Selection
Dec 2025 Examination
Q1. Vision Finance
Public Bank has received a lot of resignations from its senior management
officials in the last four years. The Bank is planning to expand its digital
transformation services across its various branches and thus requires advanced
technical skills. The HR Department now has the responsibility to recruit right
candidates with the right skill set for better performance. The department has
to manage this transition of retirement of old employees and seamlessly
integrating new employees. In this context, discuss the process of designing
and executing the manpower planning for handling both the situations so that
the company is able to meet its futuristic targets. (10 Marks)
Q2. Excela Goods has
its branches globally. With a shift in global consumer preferences and employee
requirements, HR is facing a tough time forecasting the company's manpower
needs. As a result, in some branches, the company is facing overstaffing while
in some cases it is facing manpower shortages. The company's Senior management
wants to analyze the challenges and possible solutions for accurately
forecasting the company’s manpower demand and supply for this MNC which is
functioning in dynamic and complex world. Discuss the ways in which HR
department must balance flexibility and accuracy in its manpower planning? (10
Marks)
Q3(A) Compass Clothes
Retail is a domestic clothes retail chain which is moving to new countries and
also automating its back-office processes. Therefore, few departments are
either overstaffed or understaffed. The company has decided to redeploy its
manpower and upskill them rather than laying them off. The Board wants the HR
department to create a futuristic manpower planning strategy to handle these
issues. Recommend a strong action plan to handle manpower surplus and shortage
due to business expansion. Include certain innovative strategies for forcasting
manpower demand and supply, redeployment of employees, staff training, and
optimally using the available employees while minimising overhead costs. (5
Marks)
Q3(B). Ebota Services
is start up services company. The HR Manager has to recruit freshers and also
promote experienced existing employees. This employee placement process has
been faulty leading to lower job satisfaction and reduced employee
productivity. As their Strategic consultant, create a new employee placement
model to resolve the current problems - both hiring freshers and promoting
internal employees. Evaluate the ways in which your proposed model will enhance
job satisfaction and lead to organisational effectiveness, in the long run. (5
Marks)
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Marketing
Management
Dec
2025 Examination
Q1. A leading
automotive company is launching a new electric vehicle (EV) model in a market
where traditional gasoline cars dominate. Despite growing environmental
awareness, many consumers remain unfamiliar with EV technology and are
concerned about cost, charging infrastructure, and reliability. The marketing
team must apply the buyer decision process—need recognition, information
search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase
behavior—to systematically address consumer concerns and facilitate the
transition from initial awareness to regular use of the new EV. In the context
of the scenario, how can marketers apply the stages of the buyer decision
process to guide consumers from awareness to adoption of electric vehicles
(EVs), addressing barriers at each stage? (10 Marks)
Q2. Sweet
Delights, a small bakery, initially priced its new gourmet cupcakes using a
cost-plus model, focusing on covering production costs and adding a standard
markup. However, after realizing this method might overlook the unique value
perceived by customers, the bakery switched to a customer value-based pricing
strategy. They gathered customer feedback on premium flavors and quality,
discovering that customers were willing to pay more for uniqueness. Sweet
Delights also analyzed competitors’ pricing, noting a wide range in the market,
and ultimately set their prices between the highest and average market rates to
attract value-seeking customers without losing competitiveness. Critically
evaluate Sweet Delights’ decision to shift from a cost-plus pricing model to a
customer value-based pricing strategy for their gourmet cupcakes. Considering
the feedback from customers and the competitive landscape, assess the
effectiveness of this transition and justify whether this approach best
positions the company for long-term profitability and brand differentiation. (10
Marks)
Q3 (A). Crescent
Beverages, a mid-sized beverage company, has struggled to compete with established
brands like Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Despite offering quality products, the
company is perceived as a generic alternative, resulting in low brand awareness
and weak customer loyalty. The management recognizes the need for a
transformative branding strategy that not only differentiates its products but
also builds a strong emotional connection with health-conscious consumers. The
company is open to innovative approaches that leverage digital engagement,
storytelling, and consistent messaging across channels. Design an innovative
branding strategy for a mid-sized beverage company facing low brand recognition
and weak customer loyalty in a market dominated by global giants. Your strategy
should synthesize elements of brand positioning, emotional connection, and
customer engagement to create a compelling value proposition and foster
long-term loyalty. How would you ensure the strategy remains adaptable to
evolving market trends? (5 Marks)
Q3 (B) A leading
consumer goods company is under increasing pressure from stakeholders and
consumers to adopt sustainable business practices. The company wants to go
beyond compliance and embed sustainability into its core marketing
activities—from product development and pricing to promotion and distribution.
As the chief marketing strategist, you are responsible for designing a
comprehensive approach that not only differentiates the brand but also delivers
measurable benefits to customers and the broader community. Create a
sustainable marketing strategy for a consumer goods company that integrates
environmental and social responsibility into every stage of the marketing
process. How would your strategy ensure both competitive advantage and genuine
value creation for customers and society? (5 Marks)
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Marketing Management
Dec 2025 Examination
Q1. A mid-sized
fast-food chain is struggling to compete with larger brands and new entrants in
a highly saturated market. Customer feedback indicates that while the food
quality is acceptable, the brand lacks a unique identity and customer loyalty
is low. The management is considering various differentiation
strategies—product innovation, superior service, unique delivery channels,
staff training, and brand image enhancement—to create a sustainable competitive
advantage and attract new customer segments. How should a mid-sized fast-food
chain apply differentiation strategies to stand out in a saturated market,
using the concepts of product, service, channel, people, and image
differentiation? Recommend a comprehensive approach and justify your choices
based on the scenario. (10 Marks)
Q2 (A) Coca-Cola, long
associated with sugary soft drinks, faced declining sales due to rising health
concerns and stricter regulations on sugar content. The company responded by
diversifying its product portfolio to include bottled water, teas, and low- or
zero- calorie beverages, and reformulated existing products. As a marketing
strategist, you are tasked with evaluating whether Coca-Cola’s strategic
adaptations have been comprehensive and sustainable in maintaining its market
leadership. Evaluate the effectiveness of Coca-Cola’s adaptation strategy in
response to increasing health consciousness and regulatory pressures. Critique
the company’s product innovation and marketing diversification, and assess
whether these changes sufficiently address both consumer demands and
competitive threats in the beverage industry. (5 Marks)
Q2 (B) Starbucks
transformed from a single coffee bean store in Seattle to a global brand by integrating
premium products, a unique café experience, and a powerful brand identity. The
company’s strategy included sourcing high-quality beans, creating a welcoming
environment, and building an emotional connection with customers through its
iconic branding. As Starbucks continues to innovate, it faces challenges from
emerging competitors and changing consumer preferences. Assess the
effectiveness of Starbucks’ integrated approach to products, services, and
branding in creating exceptional customer value. In your evaluation, consider
how the interplay of high-quality products, personalized service, and a strong
brand identity contributed to Starbucks’ global expansion and customer loyalty.
What potential improvements or alternative strategies could further enhance its
competitive advantage? (5 Marks)
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Marketing
of Financial Services
Dec
2025 Examination
Q1.
A leading financial services firm is preparing to launch a new online
investment platform targeting tech-savvy millennials. The platform offers a
range of investment products, but the market is saturated with similar
offerings from established competitors. The firm’s leadership is concerned
about differentiating their service, building trust in an intangible product,
and ensuring a seamless customer experience. The marketing manager is tasked
with designing a comprehensive marketing strategy that leverages the unique
characteristics of financial services and addresses both acquisition and
retention challenges. Based on the scenario, how should the marketing manager
apply the 8Ps of the service marketing mix to address the challenges of
launching a new online investment platform, ensuring both customer acquisition
and retention in a highly competitive financial services market? (10 Marks)
Q2.
A mid-sized bank is preparing to launch a new digital savings product targeting
tech- savvy millennials. The product offers competitive interest rates, instant
account opening, and personalized financial advice via an app. However, the
bank faces stiff competition from fintech startups and established banks with
similar offerings. The management is concerned about the intangibility,
inseparability, and variability of financial services, and wants to ensure the
marketing strategy addresses these challenges. The marketing team is tasked
with designing an 8Ps service marketing mix (Product, Price, Place, Promotion,
People, Process, Productivity, Physical Evidence) to differentiate the product
and drive both acquisition and retention. Evaluate the effectiveness of
implementing an 8Ps service marketing mix strategy for a mid-sized bank aiming
to launch a new digital savings product. Critically assess how each element of
the 8Ps can be leveraged to address the unique challenges of marketing
financial services, and recommend improvements to maximize customer acquisition
and retention. (10 Marks)
Q3(A).
A wealth management firm has identified that its sales teams struggle to close
deals for complex investment products, as potential clients often have detailed
questions and require reassurance before committing funds. The firm recognizes
that negotiation is critical in these high-stakes interactions but lacks a
structured approach. Leadership seeks a new framework that embeds negotiation
best practices into the sales process, enhances team capabilities, and ultimately
improves conversion rates. Propose a new framework for integrating negotiation
skills into the sales process of complex financial services, ensuring that
sales teams can effectively address investor concerns and build trust. Outline
how this framework can be implemented and measured for success. (5 Marks)
Q3(B).
FinServe, a mid-sized financial services company, has seen stagnant growth in
its customer base despite investing in traditional marketing channels. With the
rise of fintech startups and changing consumer behaviors, FinServe’s leadership
recognizes the need to revamp its online marketing approach. The company offers
complex, intangible, and variable financial products, and faces challenges in
building trust and standing out in a crowded digital marketplace. Additionally,
strict regulatory requirements and customer data privacy concerns must be
addressed. The management tasks you with creating a comprehensive online
marketing strategy that will drive both customer acquisition and long-term retention.
Design an innovative online marketing strategy for a mid-sized financial
services firm aiming to increase customer acquisition and retention in a highly
competitive digital environment. Your strategy should integrate the unique
characteristics of financial services, leverage the latest internet marketing
tools, and address challenges such as customer trust, regulatory compliance,
and differentiation from competitors. (5 Marks)
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Marketing
Research
Dec
2025 Examination
Q1.
Vulkanwerk is a British multinational neobank and financial services firm that
offers banking services for individuals and businesses. It was founded in July
2015 by British-Austrian businessman Werner Pfund and British-Ukrainian
software engineer Vlad Drakul. Vukanwerk has recently launched a new mobile app
to provide personalized investment advice. After three months, user downloads
are high, but engagement and conversion rates are lower than expected. The
research team is tasked with evaluating the campaign’s effectiveness and
identifying areas for improvement. They have access to app analytics, customer
feedback, and social media interactions.
Given
the scenario, how should the research team apply both qualitative and
quantitative marketing research methods to evaluate the effectiveness of a new
mobile app campaign and recommend improvements? (10 Marks)
Q2.
Hansini is an Indian multinational conglomerate with a significant presence in
the FMCG (Fast-Moving Consumer Goods) sector, particularly in personal care and
healthcare products. Lately, Hansini has noticed a decline in the effectiveness
of its traditional advertising campaigns. After reviewing market research, the
management decides to allocate a larger portion of its budget to social media
marketing, attracted by its lower costs and broader reach. The company uses
metrics such as website traffic and social media engagement to assess campaign
performance but struggles to link these metrics directly to sales growth. The
leadership team is debating whether this shift is justified and how to better
evaluate advertising ROI.
Evaluate
the decision of a consumer goods company to shift its advertising budget from
traditional media to social media platforms, considering the cost-effectiveness
and reach of each channel. Critique the company’s approach to measuring
campaign effectiveness and suggest improvements for data-driven
decision-making. (10 Marks)
Q3(A).
Ganith is an Indian EduTech startup firm offering online math learning programs
designed for students from Kindergarten to 12th grade. It aims to help students
learn math in a way that fosters understanding of concepts and develops
problem-solving skills, rather than rote memorization. Ganith is preparing to
launch a new product and wants to ensure its advertising campaign resonates
with its target audience. The company plans to use a mix of online, mobile, and
social media channels. The marketing manager seeks a research strategy that can
pre-test and post-test ads, assess creative effectiveness, and provide
actionable insights for campaign optimization.
Design
a comprehensive advertising research strategy for a EduTech startup aiming to
test and optimize its new product launch campaign across multiple digital
platforms. How would you ensure the strategy effectively measures both the
creative impact and the return on investment of the campaign? (5 Marks)
Q3(B)
Aamras Hotels is an Indian hotel chain & hospitality company. It owns and
operates 100+ hotels with a total of 9700 rooms in 64 cities across India. Aamras has recently launched two new resort
brands but is unsure about their market positioning and customer awareness. The
company wants to segment its customer base, validate findings through expert
focus groups, and assess the impact of recent advertising efforts. They require
a research plan that uses both qualitative and quantitative data to inform
strategic marketing decisions and improve brand awareness. Create a multi-phase
marketing research plan that combines qualitative and quantitative methods to
identify new market segments and develop tailored marketing strategies for a
hospitality business. (5 Marks)
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Micro Economics &
Macro Economics
Dec 2025 Examination
Q1. A new artisanal ice
cream brand, CreamCraze, is planning to launch in Mumbai next summer. Since
this is their first product launch and no historical sales data is available,
the marketing team is struggling to estimate demand for the first quarter. The
product is niche, targeting health-conscious millennials with unique flavors
like avocado-mint and jaggery-coconut. The company wants to minimize risk by
predicting demand as accurately as possible before finalizing production and
marketing budgets. They are considering applying the Delphi method for demand
forecasting by seeking opinions from industry experts, food bloggers, and
specialty dessert shop owners.
Using the above
scenario, explain how you would apply the Delphi method to forecast demand for
CreamCraze. Justify your approach by showing how this method would help in
making informed production and marketing decisions for the product launch. (10
Marks)
Q2. During the COVID-19
pandemic, the global demand for personal protective equipment (PPE) like face
masks surged unexpectedly, leading to severe shortages and skyrocketing prices.
Governments worldwide responded by imposing price ceilings, rationing supplies,
and incentivizing domestic production. While these measures aimed to ensure
equitable access, they also led to issues such as black marketing and quality
concerns. As the pandemic progressed, increased production and new market
entrants eventually stabilized prices and supply. Policymakers are now
reviewing the outcomes to design better interventions for future emergencies.
Critically evaluate the effectiveness of government interventions such as price
ceilings and minimum support prices (MSP) in stabilizing markets during periods
of extreme demand or supply shocks. In your assessment, weigh the potential
benefits and unintended consequences for both consumers and producers, and
recommend improvements to these policies for future crises. (10 Marks)
Q3(A) A mid-sized
organic dairy company, PurePastures, has been steadily growing its operations
over the past five years. Initially, it operated a single processing unit
producing 5,000 liters of milk products daily. Recently, it expanded to three
processing units in different cities, invested in high-capacity pasteurizers,
and negotiated bulk purchase agreements with local farmers, reducing per-unit
input costs. Additionally, the local government has invested in better rural
roads and cold- chain facilities, making transportation faster and cheaper for
all dairy producers in the region.
Analyze the scenario to
identify and explain the internal economies of scale and external economies of
scale that PurePastures is experiencing. How might these economies impact the
company’s cost structure and competitive position in the long run? (5 Marks)
Q3(B) In the
agricultural heartland of Punjab, hundreds of small farmers grow wheat and sell
it in a government-regulated mandi. All farmers produce wheat of identical
quality, and prices are determined entirely by the prevailing market rate
announced daily at the mandi. No single farmer can influence the price, and
buyers have full information about quality and prices from all sellers. Entry
and exit in wheat farming are relatively easy, and farmers can switch to other
crops if market conditions change.Recently, a group of farmers is debating
whether they should form a cooperative to collectively brand and market their
wheat at a premium price. Some believe this will increase their bargaining power,
while others argue that the nature of the wheat market makes such efforts
ineffective.
Evaluate whether the
wheat market described above meets the conditions of perfect competition. In
your answer, identify the key features of perfect competition present in the
scenario, and justify whether forming a cooperative would alter the market
structure or the farmers’ ability to influence prices. (5 Marks)
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Micro Economics &
Macro Economics
Dec 2025 Examination
Q1. A popular coffee
brand, BrewBuzz, has introduced a loyalty program offering every 6th coffee
free. At the same time, a new health study revealed that moderate coffee
consumption boosts productivity and reduces stress. These developments have
attracted new customers and encouraged existing ones to buy more coffee.
Based on the above
scenario, apply your understanding to identify whether this scenario reflects a
movement along the demand curve or a shift of the demand curve. Discuss the
direction of the shift and how this change could influence BrewBuzz’s sales
volumes and potential pricing strategy. (10 Marks)
Q2(A). A premium coffee
chain, “Bean Bliss,” recently increased the price of its signature latte by 20%
due to rising operational costs. Following this, the chain observed varied
changes in sales across different outlets. In metropolitan cities, the sales
remained almost unchanged, while in smaller towns, there was a significant drop
in demand. Interestingly, customers who were highly brand loyal continued
purchasing despite the price hike, whereas price-sensitive customers shifted to
local coffee shops.
Analyze the above
scenario and identify how different determinants of elasticity of demand—such
as availability of substitutes, level of income, brand loyalty, time frame,
share in total expenditure, competitive nature of the industry, and
preferences/habits—are influencing the elasticity of demand for “Bean Bliss” in
different markets. Provide a detailed explanation linking each determinant to
the observed customer behavior. (5 Marks)
Q2(B) A consumer
electronics company, TechNova, is preparing to launch a next-generation smart
home device. With no reliable historical data available, the management is
considering using a structured approach to gather forecasts from industry
experts, researchers, and experienced marketers. The process involves several
rounds of anonymous feedback, with each round refining the estimates until a
consensus is reached.
Evaluate the above
demand forecasting method being used in the given scenario, and the technique
in detail. You are required to justify whether this method is the most
appropriate choice for TechNova, providing well-reasoned arguments supported by
the nature of the product, market uncertainty, and the decision-making needs of
the company. (5 Marks)
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Operations
Management
Dec
2025 Examination
Q1. A garment
manufacturer is preparing for the upcoming financial year and anticipates
significant fluctuations in demand due to seasonal trends and market
uncertainties. The company must decide on the appropriate production rates,
inventory levels, and workforce allocation to ensure continuous product flow
and cost efficiency. The operations manager is expected to use aggregate
operations planning techniques to translate business plans into actionable
operational decisions. How should the operations manager apply aggregate
operations planning methodologies to address the challenge of fluctuating
demand and optimize resource allocation over the next financial year? (10
Marks)
Q2. A
fast-growing healthcare service provider is facing rising patient volumes and
higher expectations for service quality. The management team must decide
whether to invest in expanding facilities and hiring more staff (a long-term
strategic move) or to optimize current resources through scheduling and process
improvements (a short- term operational adjustment). The decision will impact
financial commitments, service delivery, and the organization''s ability to
respond to future changes in demand. Evaluate the decision-making process for
capacity planning in a service organization that is experiencing rapid growth
and increasing customer expectations. How should the organization weigh
long-term strategic investments against short- term operational adjustments,
and what criteria should be used to justify the chosen approach? (10 Marks)
Q3(A).A
manufacturing plant producing automotive components frequently faces unexpected
disruptions, including equipment failures, late material deliveries, and
last-minute order changes from customers. These issues often lead to missed
deadlines and increased costs. The plant manager wants a systematic approach to
manage these short-term operational challenges efficiently. Design a
decision-making framework for short-term operational control that enables a
manufacturing plant to effectively respond to real-time disruptions such as
machine breakdowns, supply delays, and sudden changes in customer orders. How
would your framework ensure minimal impact on delivery schedules and customer
satisfaction? (5 Marks)
Q3(B). A company
is experiencing frequent delays and shortages in material supply, leading to
production stoppages and missed delivery deadlines. The current procurement
process is fragmented, and communication with suppliers is inconsistent. The
operations team is tasked with developing a new supplier integration strategy
that streamlines inbound logistics, fosters collaboration, and ensures
materials are available when needed for uninterrupted core operations. Design
an innovative supplier integration strategy for a company seeking to improve
inbound logistics and ensure timely material availability for its core
operations. How would your strategy strengthen the linkages between the
supplier layer, procurement, and core operations to enhance responsiveness and
reduce operational disruptions? (5 Marks)
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Operations and Supply
Chain Strategies
Dec 2025 Examination
Q1. A mid-sized
electronics manufacturer has recently experienced delays in product deliveries
and rising logistics costs. The CEO is concerned that the current supply chain
is not responsive enough to customer requirements and is also not cost-
effective. The company has not formally mapped its supply chain processes and
lacks a structured approach to performance measurement. The operations manager
is tasked with improving supply chain efficiency and responsiveness while
keeping costs under control. Based on the scenario, how should the operations
manager apply the SCOR model to identify and address inefficiencies in the
company''s supply chain, ensuring alignment with both cost reduction and
customer responsiveness objectives? (10 Marks)
Q2. A global retail
chain is experiencing rapid growth in online sales, leading to increased
complexity in its logistics network. The company is debating whether to
outsource its logistics operations to a third-party logistics (3PL) provider,
which would handle transportation and warehousing, or to a fourth-party
logistics (4PL) provider, which would manage the entire supply chain, including
coordination among multiple 3PLs. The management team is divided: some favor
the control and flexibility of 3PL, while others advocate for the integration
and strategic oversight offered by 4PL. The decision will have significant
implications for cost, service levels, and supply chain agility. Evaluate the
decision-making process of a global retailer considering the outsourcing of its
logistics operations to a 3PL or 4PL provider. Critique the strategic,
operational, and financial implications of each option, and justify which
approach would best support the retailer’s long-term supply chain objectives. (10
Marks)
Q3(A). ElectroNova, a
mid-sized electronics manufacturer, has recently experienced a surge in global
competition and shifting customer demands for faster delivery and more
customized products. The company’s current supply chain is fragmented, with
separate teams handling production, logistics, and sourcing, leading to
inefficiencies and slow response times. The CEO has tasked you, as the new Head
of Operations Strategy, to design a unified supply chain strategy that not only
reduces costs but also enhances responsiveness and supports the company’s
long-term business goals. Design a comprehensive supply chain strategy for a
mid-sized electronics manufacturer facing increased global competition and
rising customer expectations for rapid delivery and product customization. Your
strategy should integrate production, logistics, and sourcing decisions, and
propose innovative approaches to balance cost efficiency with responsiveness.
How would you ensure alignment with the company’s overall business objectives
and create a sustainable competitive advantage? (5 Marks)
Q3(B). SteelWorks Ltd.,
a traditional manufacturing company, is embarking on a digital transformation
journey to modernize its supply chain. The firm’s current operations strategy
is outdated and does not account for recent technological advancements such as
IoT, data analytics, and automation. The executive team wants a strategic plan
to regularly review and update the operations strategy, ensuring it remains
relevant and supports the company’s vision for innovation and market
leadership. Design a strategic plan for revising and updating the operations
strategy of a traditional manufacturing firm transitioning to a digital,
data-driven supply chain. Detail the steps you would take to ensure the new
strategy remains dynamic, aligns with technological advancements, and supports
continuous improvement and competitive positioning. (5 Marks)
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Operations Management
Dec 2025 Examination
Q1. A fast-growing meal
kit delivery startup is experiencing operational bottlenecks as it tries to
offer more customization options to customers, such as dietary preferences and
portion sizes. While customers appreciate the flexibility, the increased
complexity is leading to higher costs, longer lead times, and more frequent
errors in order fulfillment. The operations manager is considering using PCN
analysis to map out the process and identify opportunities to streamline
operations without sacrificing the personalized experience that differentiates
the brand. How should the operations manager apply Process-Chain-Network (PCN)
analysis to redesign the service delivery process, balancing the need for customization
with operational efficiency and cost control? (10 Marks)
Q2(A). A switchgear
manufacturer must plan production for the next year. The company can either
maintain a constant workforce and production rate (level strategy), incurring
inventory holding and backorder costs, or adjust capacity each period (chase
strategy), incurring overtime, undertime, hiring, and layoff costs. The
workforce is skilled, and frequent changes may affect morale and productivity.
The company seeks to minimize total costs while ensuring operational stability.
Evaluate the implications of choosing a level strategy versus a chase strategy
for a manufacturer of electrical switchgears, given the cost structures and
operational realities described. Justify which strategy you would recommend,
considering factors such as inventory costs, workforce stability, and the
feasibility of frequent hiring or layoffs. (5 Marks)
Q2(B). An established
Indian manufacturing company is experiencing pressure from customers demanding
greater variety, customization, and faster delivery of products. At the same
time, the firm must control costs and maintain operational efficiency to remain
competitive against global players. The management is considering whether to
invest in flexible manufacturing systems, redesign its supply chain, or limit
product variety. Evaluate the implications of increasing customer expectations
and product/service proliferation on the operations management practices of an
Indian manufacturing firm. Critically discuss how the firm should balance
customization, cost control, and operational complexity, and justify which
strategies would best position the firm for sustained competitiveness in a
liberalized economy. (5 Marks)
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Organisational Theory,
Structure and Design
Dec 2025 Examination
Q1. Tech Nova
Innovations is expanding its units to 5 new countries in the next two years.
The MD of the company realized that there is slow decision-making and poor
communication between the headquarters and subsidiaries, thus reducing the
performance. Currently, the company has a very centralised decision making
structure. For every small decisions, subsidiaries need the head office's
approval. The Board is thinking of redesigning the existing structure to
enhance performance and clear communication. In this context, evaluate the ways
in which this redesigning must happen to handle slow decision making and
improper communication. (10 Marks)
Q2. Gem Star Jewellery
has rapidly grown from 30 to 300 employees in three years. The top management
has created a line and staff organisational structure in which employees have
clear job roles, strict hierarchies, and formalized channels of communication.
This system has improved control, however, some employees feel the work culture
is too rigid. The top management wants to introduce more flexiblity in the
organisation structure. Analyze the utility of following such a formalised line
and staff organisational structure in this case. Discuss the ways in which the
organisation structure can be improved to support this quick growth. (10 Marks)
Q3(A). BioFlora
Organics has a matrix organisational structure in which employees are reporting
to both project and functional managers in different locations based on their
projects.The leadership team plans to improve communication without sacrificing
the matrix organisation structure. As their HR Consultant, redesigning this
existing framework of organisation culture. (5 Marks)
Q3(B). Life Sage Hospitals
is facing employee resistance against digital transition to new health
solutions. The top management has decided to redesign the existing
organisational structure in order to improve innovation. Recommend a brand new
organisation structure for this hospital network to help them overcome
resistance to change because of strong informal groups.
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Organisational
Theory, Structure and Design
Dec
2025 Examination
Q1. Critically
evaluate the CEO’s approach to centralizing decision-making in a fast- growing
pharmaceutical company, which has led to delayed product launches and
frustrated department heads. Considering the trade-offs between maintaining
quality control and empowering leaders, propose an evidence-based strategy for
implementing decentralization and effective delegation. Justify how your
recommendations would enhance organizational agility while ensuring
accountability." (10 Marks)
Q2(A). Reliance
Jio entered the Indian telecom market with a disruptive cost-leadership
strategy, offering free and affordable data services that rapidly attracted
millions of customers. Competitors were compelled to lower prices and revise
their business models, while consumers enjoyed better services at reduced
costs. However, this also led to concerns about sustainability, profitability,
and regulatory challenges.
Apply the
concept of cost-leadership and market positioning to evaluate how Reliance
Jio’s strategy reshaped the competitive dynamics of the Indian telecom sector. (5
Marks)
Q2(B).
Critically analyze how the application of the 7S Framework can help a rapidly
expanding e-commerce startup — which has grown from 20 to 500 employees in two
years — diagnose and resolve misalignment issues such as unclear roles,
inconsistent processes, and declining employee morale. Evaluate which elements
of the framework (strategy, structure, systems, shared values, style, staff,
skills) should be prioritized to achieve organizational alignment and justify
your reasoning." (5 Marks)
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