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International Business
Jun 2026 Examination
Q1.
A multinational fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) company is facing criticism
for excessive plastic waste generated by its products in Latin America.
Although local regulations on packaging are lax, global NGOs and
environmentally conscious consumers are demanding action. The company's
leadership wants to balance profitability, regulatory compliance, and corporate
citizenship without jeopardizing market share. They must navigate local
economic pressures while also contributing to sustainability. Using Carroll's
CSR pyramid and referencing international sustainability agreements (e.g., the
Paris Agreement, UN SDGs), how should the company redesign its packaging and
communication strategies to address environmental, economic, and societal
expectations? Provide a practical plan for implementation. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Carroll's
CSR pyramid places economic responsibility at the base, followed by legal,
ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities. For an FMCG company in Latin
America generating excessive plastic waste, this pyramid provides a clear lens
for prioritizing action. The company operates in a region where local
regulations are permissive, but global stakeholders including NGOs,
institutional investors, and conscious consumers are applying pressure that
directly affects brand equity and long-term market access. Ignoring this
pressure is no longer economically rational. The Paris Agreement and UN
Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 12 on responsible consumption
and SDG 13 on climate action, establish the international normative framework
within which the company must now
Q2
(A). A technology giant has established a corporate vision and mission that
emphasize global connectivity and universal access. However, as it moves into
new territories with distinct regulatory, cultural, and language environments,
local teams feel disconnected from headquarters' strategic intent. Instances of
product misalignment and inadequate local adaptation arise, causing market
underperformance and dissatisfaction among international employees who feel
excluded from corporate purpose. Critically assess the company's application of
its vision and mission in a global context. Weigh the challenges of maintaining
a unifying direction while empowering region-specific adaptation. Propose
measures to ensure the vision and mission remain both globally cohesive and
locally resonant, providing a reasoned justification for your approach. (5
Marks)
Ans 2(A).
Introduction
A
corporate vision and mission provide organizational direction. When local teams
feel disconnected from that direction, market underperformance follows. For a
global technology company entering culturally diverse markets, the gap between
headquarters strategy and local execution is a structural governance problem,
not a communication failure.
Concept and
Application
The core
tension in global strategy is between standardization, which preserves brand
coherence and scale efficiency, and localization, which enables market
relevance and employee ownership. Bartlett and Ghoshal's transnational model
offers the most useful framework here: it argues that multinational companies
should
Q2
(B). An Indian exporter signs a forward contract to sell a large shipment to a
U.S. buyer, agreeing to receive payment in U.S. dollars in six months. Shortly
after the contract is signed, global interest rates fluctuate sharply, the
rupee begins appreciating against the dollar, and the U.S. buyer faces
liquidity issues that may delay payments. The finance team is apprehensive
about both counterparty and exchange rate risks, particularly given the current
volatility in currency and credit markets. Evaluate the exporter's decision to
use a forward contract as a hedging tool under these circumstances. Critically
analyze the risks and benefits in light of prevailing market volatility, and
recommend whether alternative or additional financial derivatives should have
been considered to better protect the firm's financial interests. (5 Marks)
Ans 2(B).
Introduction
A forward
contract locks in a future exchange rate to eliminate exchange rate uncertainty
for an exporter receiving foreign currency. The decision to use one is
contextually correct but has specific limitations when counterparty risk, rupee
appreciation, and liquidity problems emerge simultaneously after signing.
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Do send your query at :
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