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AEREN FOUNDATION’S Maharashtra
Govt. Reg. No.: F-11724
Total Marks
: 80
CASE STUDY :
1
Question :
Q. 1) Define the method chemical treatment?
Answer: Chemical treatment (of
hazardous waste) refers to the treatment methods that are used to effect the
complete breakdown of hazardous waste into non-toxic gases or, more frequently,
to modify the chemical properties of the waste, for example, through reduction
of water solubility or neutralisation of acidity or alkalinity.
Wastewater Chemical Treatment Processes
Chemical Precipitation
Q. 2) Explain the method Gravity settling?
Answer: Settling is the process by
which particulates settle to the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment.
Particles that experience a force, either due to gravity or due to centrifugal
motion will tend to move in a uniform manner in the direction exerted by that
force. For gravity settling, this means that the particles will tend to fall to
the bottom of the vessel, forming a slurry at the vessel base.Settling is an
important operation in many applications, such as mining, wastewater treatment,
biological science, space propellant reignition, and particle mechanics.
Applications: The solid-gas flow
systems are present in many industrial applications, as dry, catalytic
reactors, settling tanks, pneumatic conveying of solids
Q. 3) Define the method Electric desalter?
Answer: A desalter is a process unit in
an oil refinery that removes salt from the crude oil. The salt is dissolved in
the water in the crude oil, not in the crude oil itself.
Most typical methods of crude-oil
desalting:
·
Chemical
and Electrostaticseparation:Washing of the salt from crude oil with water
oil and water phases are separated in a settling tank by adding chemicals to
assist in breaking up emulsion or by the application of electrostatic field to
colapse the droplets of saltwater more rapidly.
Q. 4) Explain in brief the term
Dehydration?
Answer:Dehydration, also known as
hypohydration, is not enough body water, with an accompanying disruption of
metabolic processes. The term dehydration may be used loosely to refer to any
condition where fluid volume is reduced; most commonly, it refers to
hypernatremia (loss of free water and the attendant excess concentration of
salt), but is also used to refer to hypovolemia (loss of blood volume,
particularly plasma).
CASE STUDY :
2
Question :
Q. 1) Define the term ADU (Atmospheric
Distillation Units)?
Answer:Crude oil is sent to the
atmospheric distillation unit after desalting and heating. The purpose of
atmospheric distillation is primary separation of various 'cuts' of
hydrocarbons namely, fuel gases, LPG, naptha, kerosene, diesel and fuel oil.
The heavy hydrocarbon residue left at the bottom of the atmospheric
distillation column is sent to vacuum distillation column for further
separation of hydrocarbons under reduced pressure.
As
the name suggests, the pressure profile in atmospheric distillation unit is
close to the atmospheric pressure with highest pressure at the bottom stage
which gradually drops down till the top stage of the column.
Q. 2) Define the term VDU (Vacuum
Distillation Units)?
Answer: Vacuum distillation is a method
of distillation whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture to be distilled
is reduced to less than its vapor pressure (usually less than atmospheric
pressure) causing evaporation of the most volatile liquid(s) (those with the
lowest boiling points). This distillation method works on the principle that
boiling occurs when the vapor pressure of a liquid exceeds the ambient
pressure. Vacuum distillation is used with or without heating the mixture.
Laboratory-scale
vacuum distillation is used
Q. 3) Define the term TTR (Top Tray
Reflux)?
Answer:Top Tray Reflux : Reflux is only
at top tray only
·
Reflux is cooled and sent into the Tower.
·
Heat input: Through Tower bottom.
·
Removal: at the top.
·
Thus requires large tower diameter.
·
Improper reflux and poor quality of fraction.
Economic utilization of heat is not possible.
Q. 4) Explain the term ‘Distillation of
Petroleum’ in brief?
Answer:Petroleum refining processes are
the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum
refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into
useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol,
kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
Petroleum
refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different
processing units and auxiliary facilities such as utility units and
CASE
STUDY : 3
Question
:
Q. 1) Define the term Blending in brief?
Answer:Blending in petroleum refining
is the physical mixture of a number of different liquid hydrocarbons to produce
a finished product with certain desired characteristics. Products can be
blended in-line through a manifold system, or batch blended in tanks and
vessels. In-line blending of gasoline, distillates, jet fuel, and kerosene is
accomplished by injecting proportionate amounts of each component into the main
stream where turbulence promotes thorough mixing. Additives including octane
enhancers, metal deactivators, anti-oxidants, anti-knock agents, gum and rust
inhibitors, detergents, etc. are added during and/or after blending to provide
specific properties not inherent in hydrocarbons.
Q. 2) Explain the Blending process?
Answer:Petroleum refining begins with
the distillation, or fractionation, of crude oils into separate hydrocarbon
groups. The resultant products are directly related to the characteristics of
the crude oil being processed. Most of these products of distillation are
further converted into more useable products by changing their physical and
molecular structures through cracking, reforming and other conversion
processes. These products are
Q. 3) Explain the term line Blending?
Answer: Blending consolidates as the
refinery’s last chance to impact profitability at low investment levels and
approximately 50% of about 700 refineries worldwide have implemented such
technology. Besides positively impacting the overall refinery production
scheduling, in-line blending (ILB) operations at the end of the refinery allow
for substantial benefits including end product giveaway minimization, lower
inventory levels, optimized logistics and, therefore, reduced utility
consummations and atmospheric emissions, economic savings in new hardware
investment and maintenance, and operational safety.
The
first step required to support a new
Q. 4) Explain the term Gasoline Blending?
Answer:The most important refinery
product is motor gasoline, a blend of relatively low-boiling hydrocarbon
fractions, including reformate, alkylate, aliphatic naphtha (light straight-run
naphtha), aromatic naphtha (thermal and catalytic cracked naphtha) and additives.
Gasoline blending stocks have boiling points which range from ambient
temperatures to about 204 °C, and a flashpoint below –40 °C. The critical
qualities for gasoline are octane number (anti-knock), volatility (starting and
vapour lock) and vapour pressure (environmental control). Additives are used to
enhance gasoline performance and provide protection against oxidation and
CASE STUDY :
4
Question :
Q. 1) Explain chemical structure of
Asphalt?
Answer:The primary use (70%) of
asphalt/bitumen is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder
mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses
are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt
and for sealing flat roofs.
The
terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural
and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or
asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process
of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called
bitumen.
Q. 2) Comment. Action of Heat on Asphalt?
Answer:The great majority of asphalt
used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of
asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of
asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae
(diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud
on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat
(above 50 °C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were
transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.
Natural
deposits of asphalt/bitumen include lakes such as the Pitch Lake in Trinidad
and Tobago and Lake Bermudez in Venezuela. Natural seeps of asphalt/bitumen
occur in the La Brea Tar Pits and in the Dead Sea.
Asphalt/bitumen
also occurs as impregnated
Q. 3) Explain the types of Asphalts?
Answer:Asphalt is most well known as a
road covering more technically termed asphalt concrete, but there are a few
different forms in which the substance may appear. It is a naturally occurring
material present in crude oil and in natural deposits, notably around certain
bodies of water and in oil sands. This substance is found in either liquid or
semi-solid form in nature and is characterized by its high viscosity and its
sticky, black appearance. It consists almost exclusively of bitumen, a
substance composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The major types
used in construction are rolled and mastic.
Q. 4) Comment. Air blowing of Asphalt?
Answer: One hundred years after the
fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations
in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in
Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in
Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics
Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by
"a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence
(of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and
that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the
construction of
Dear
students get fully solved assignments
Send
your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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or
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us at : 08263069601
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