MB0041 – Financial and Management Accounting

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 1

MB0041 – Financial and Management Accounting - 4 Credits

(Book ID :B1130)

Assignment Set- 1 (60 Marks)

Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions.

Q.1  Explain the Various accounting Concepts and Principles?

Concepts: Concepts take the form of assumptions or conditions, which guide the accountants while preparing accounting statements.

Types of Accounting Concepts

As said earlier, concepts are the basic assumptions or conditions upon which the science of accounting is based. There are five basic concepts of accounting, namely – business entity concept, which is also termed as separate entity concept, going concern concept, money measurement concept, periodicity concept and accrual concept. Each concept is discussed below.

Business Separate Entity Concept:  The essence of this concept is that business is a separate entity and it is different from the owner or the proprietor. It is an economic unit which owns its assets and has its own obligations. This enables the business to segregate the transactions of the company from the private transactions of the proprietor(s).

Going concern concept:  The fundamental assumption is that the business entity will continue fairly for a long time to come. There is no reason why an enterprise should be promoted for a short period only to liquidate the business in the foreseeable future. This assumption is called “going concern concept”.

This concept forms the basis for the distinction between expenditure that will yield benefit over a long period of time (Fixed Assets) and expenditure whose benefit will be exhausted in the short term (Current Asset). Similarly liabilities are classified as short term liabilities and long term liabilities.

Money Measurement Concept:  All transactions of a business are recorded in terms of money. An event or a transaction that cannot be expressed in money terms, cannot be accounted in the books of accounts.

Periodicity Concept:  The time interval for which accounts are prepared is an important factor even though we assume long life for a business.  The accounting period could be half year or even a quarter. The financial statements should be prepared at the end of each accounting period so that income statement shows profit or loss for that accounting period. So also a balance sheet is prepared to depict the financial position of the business.

Accrual Concept:  Profit earned or loss suffered for an accounting period is the result of both cash and credit transactions. It is possible that certain incomes are earned but not received and similarly certain expenses incurred but not yet paid during an accounting period. But it is relevant to consider them while computing the financial results just because they are related to the specific accounting period.

Accounting Principles:  Accounting Principles are the rules basing on which accounting takes place and these rules are universally accepted.

Principle of Income Recognition:  According to this concept, revenue is considered as being earned on the date on which it is realized, i.e., the date on which goods and services are transferred to customers for cash or for promise. It should further be noted that it is the amount which the customers are expected to pay which shall be recorded. In effect, only revenue which is actually realized should be taken to profit and loss account. Unrealized revenue should not be taken into consideration for determining the profit.

Principle of Expense:  Expenses are different from payments. A payment becomes expenditure or an expense only when such payment is revenue in nature and made for consideration.

Principle of Matching Cost and Revenue:  Revenue earned during a period is compared with the expenditure incurred to earn that income, whether the expenditure is paid during that period or not. This is matching cost and revenue principle, which is important to find out the profit earned for that period. Here costs are reported as expenses in the accounting period in which the revenue associated with those costs is reported.

Principle of Historical Costs:  This is called ‘cost’ principle. All assets are recorded at the cost of acquisition and this cost is the basis for all subsequent accounting for the assets. The expenses and the goods purchased are shown at the value at which they are incurred. The value of the assets is constantly reduced by charging depreciation against their cost to present their book value in the balance sheet.

Principle of Full Disclosure:  The business enterprise should disclose relevant information to all the parties concerned with the organization. It means that any information of substance or of interest to the average investors will have to be disclosed in the financial statements.

Double Aspect Principle:  This concept is the most fundamental one for accounting. A business entity is an independent unit and it receives benefits from some and gives benefits to some other. Benefit received and benefit given should always match and balance.

Modifying Principle:  The modifying principle states that the cost of applying a principle should not be more than the benefit derived from. If the cost is more than the benefit, then that principle should be modified. This is called cost-benefit principle. There should be flexibility in adopting a principle and the advantage out of the principle should over weigh the cost of implementing the principle.

Principle of Materiality:  While important details of financial status must be informed to all relevant parties, insignificant facts which do not influence any decisions of the investors or any interested group, need not be communicated. Such less significant facts are not regarded as material facts. What is material and what is not material depends upon the nature of information and the party to whom the information is provided. While income has to be shown for income tax purposes, the amount can be rounded off to the nearest ten and fraction does not matter. The statement of account sent to a debtor contains all the details regarding invoices raised, amount outstanding during a particular period. The information on debtors furnished to Registrar of Companies need not be in detail.

Principle of Consistency:  Consistency is required to help comparison of financial data from one period to another. Once a method of accounting is adopted, it should not be changed. For instance if stock is valued under FIFO method in first year it should be valued under the same method in the subsequent years also. Likewise if the firm chooses to depreciate assets under diminishing balance method, it should continue to do so year after year, unless the management takes a policy decision to change the depreciation method. Any change in the accounting methods should be informed to the concerned authorities with justification.

Principle of Conservatism or Prudence:  Accountants follow the rule “anticipate no profits but provide for all anticipated losses “. Whenever risk is anticipated sufficient provision should be made. The value of investments is normally taken at cost, even if the market value is higher than the cost. If the market value expected is lower than the cost, then provision should be made by charging profit and creating investment fluctuation fund. This is the principle of conservatism and it does not mean that the income or the value of assets should be intentionally under stated.

Q.2  Pass journal entries for the following transactions

            1. Madan commenced business with cash Rs. 70000

Capital a/c Dr. to Cash a/c.

2. Purchased goods on credit 14000

Goods a/c Dr. to Creditors a/c.

3. Withdrew for private use 3000

Drawings a/c Dr. to Cash a/c

4. Goods purchased for cash 12000

Goods a/c Dr. to Cash a/c

5. Paid wages 5000

Wages a/c Dr. to Cash a/c.

 Q.3 Explain the various types of errors disclosed by Trial Balance?

Errors disclosed by Trial Balance:  Those errors that can be disclosed by trial balance can easily be located. As soon as the trial balance does not tally, the accountant can proceed to find out the spots where the errors might have been committed. The total amount of difference in the trial balance is temporarily transferred to a ‘Suspense Account’ so that it can be mitigated as and when the errors get rectified. Therefore the suspense account gets debited or credited as the case may be on rectification of these types of errors. The following are the errors which are disclosed by trial balance:

a) Posting a wrong amount: This mistake may occur while posting an entry from subsidiary book to ledger.

b) Posting to the wrong side of an account: This error is committed while posting entries from subsidiary books to ledger.

c) Wrong Totaling: Both under casting and over casting are detected by trial balance. If any account is wrongly totaled, it gets reflected in the trial balance.

d) Omitting to post an entry from subsidiary book to ledger: If an entry made in the subsidiary book does not get posted to ledger, the trial balance does not tally.

e) Omission of an account altogether from being shown in trial balance:

f) Posting an amount to a correct account more than once: This result in imbalance in the trial balance.

g) Posting an item to the same side of two different ledger accounts: If two accounts are debited /credited for the same transaction, this type of error occurs.

 Q.4 From the following balances extracted from Trial balance, prepare Trading Account.

The closing stock at the end of the period is  Rs. 56000                                      10 Marks]

Particulars	Amount in Rs.
Stock on 1-1-2004	70700
Returns inwards	3000
Returns outwards	3000
Purchases	102000
Debtors	56000
Creditors	45000
Carriage inwards	5000
Carriage outwards	4000
Import duty on materials received from abroad	6000
Clearing charges	7000
Rent of business shop	12000
Royalty paid to extract materials	10000
Fire insurance on stock	2000
Wages paid to workers	8000
Office salaries	10000
Cash discount	1000
Gas, electricity and water	4000
Sales	250000

Q.5 Differentiate Financial Accounting and Management accounting?

Distinction between Financial Accounting and Management Accounting.

Financial accounting is the preparation and communication of financial information to outsiders such as creditors, bankers, government, customers and so on. Another objective of financial accounting is to give complete picture of the enterprise to shareholders. Management accounting on the other hand aims at preparing and reporting the financial data to the management on regular basis. Management is entrusted with the responsibility of taking appropriate decisions, planning, performance evaluation, control, management of costs, cost determination etc., For both financial accounting and management accounting the financial data is the same and the reports prepared in financial accounting are also used in management accounting But the following are major differences between Financial accounting and Management accounting.

Financial accounting	Management accounting
· The primary users of financial accounting information are shareholders, creditors, government authorities, employees etc.,	· Top, middle and lower level managers use the information for planning and decision making
· Accounting information is always expressed in terms of money	· Management accounting may adopt any measurement unit like labour hours, machine hours or product units for the purpose of analysis
· Financial data is presented for a definite period, say one year or a quarter	· Reports are prepared on continuous basis, monthly or weekly or even daily
· Financial accounting focuses on historical data	· Management accounting is oriented towards future
· Financial accounting is a discipline by itself and has its own principles, policies and conventions	· Management accounting makes use of other disciplines like economics, management, information system, operation research etc.,

Q.6 Following is the Balance Sheet of M/s Srinivas Ltd. You are required to prepare a Fund Flow Statement.

Particulars	2006	2007	Particulars	2006	2007
Equity Share capital	50,000	65,000	Cash balances	10,000	13,000
Profit & Loss	14,750	17,000	Debtors	25,000	27,000
Trade Creditors	29,000	31,000	Investment	5,000	nil
Mortgage	10,000	15,000	Fixed Assets	50,000	80,000
Short term loans	15,000	16,500	Less: Depreciation	(5,250)	(7000)
Accrued expenses	8,000	7,500	Goodwill	5,000	nil
			Stock	37,000	39,000
Total	1, 26,750	1, 52,000	Total	1, 26,750	1, 52,000

Additional Information:

1. Depreciation provided is Rs.1750.

2. Write off goodwill.

3. Dividend paid Rs.3500.