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AEREN FOUNDATION’S Maharashtra
Govt. Reg. No.: F-11724
SUBJECT - INTERNATIONAL
MANAGEMENT
Group A
CASE STUDY :
1 (20 Marks)
Zhuhai of
Shanghai
Question :
Q. 1) Discuss the typicalities of Chinese
Industrial system vis-à-vis the Western/global Industrial system.
Answer: China is the most prominent
player in a non-Western subgroup's suboptimisation strategy, which undermines
the Western-dominated neoliberal capitalist system, or the Washington
Consensus, and liberal democratic values, taken as gospel by Western
economists, governments and industry for the past 30 years. While China and
other non-Western states are a part of this system, a consequence of their
actions within the system, and particularly in the international energy
markets, is that they are increasing their relative
Q. 2) Where does the Chinese system fault?
Answer:By contrast, there is a
historical school which Jack Goldstone has dubbed the "English
school" which argues that China was not essentially different from Europe,
and that many of the assertions that it was are based on bad historical
evidence.
Mark
Elvin argues that China was in a high level equilibrium trap in which the
non-industrial methods were efficient enough to prevent use of industrial
methods with high initial capital. Kenneth Pomeranz, in the Great Divergence,
argues that Europe and China were remarkably similar in 1700, and that the
crucial differences which created
Q. 3) Is over production and mis-match in
marketing leads to poor prices of Chinese products in theInternationalmarket?
Answer:Though China's economy has
expanded rapidly, its regulatory environment has not kept pace. Since Deng
Xiaoping's open market reforms, the growth of new businesses has outpaced the
government's ability to regulate them. This has created a situation where
businesses, faced with mounting competition and poor oversight, take drastic
measures to increase profit margins, often at the expense of consumer safety.
This issue became more prominent in 2007, with a number of restrictions being
placed on problematic Chinese exports by the United States.[55]
Q. 4) If you are offered, views as a top
consultant, what would you like to suggest the Chinese Governmentandindustry.
Give your reasons.
Answer: Economists have been warning
for years that China must decrease its dependence on investment for growth and
“rebalance” to allow consumption to play a bigger role. Government officials
point out signs of progress — first-quarter GDP was driven upward more by
consumption than investment, for instance. But progress is, at best, at a
crawl. Private consumption relative to GDP in China is still the lowest among
major economies. The government has simply balked at the reforms necessary to
change that. Feeble health care and pension systems force households to save;
then controls on interest rates keep returns on bank deposits meager, punishing
them for saving. If anything, much government policy has
Case-2 (20
Marks)
Toyota Comes
to Georgetown
Questions
Q. 1. What is the difference between
American production policy and Japanese production policy?
Answer:Although it is somewhat
presumptuous to generalize about the characteristics and attitudes of millions
of people, some rather basic and important differences between the Japanese and
U.S. workers appear to exist.
First,
the Japanese concept of self is very different from the American view. In
Japan, each person is believed to possess a unique spirit, soul, mind and heart,
but the self concept is considered an impediment to growth. The Japanese
establish identities that incorporate friends, relatives and coworkers in an
open way to share feelings and improve on weaknesses. The workers relationship
within the work group is very important
Q. 2. Where the Japanese Excel?
Answer: Companies which succeed in
Japan go to extraordinary lengths to understand the landscape they are about to
enter. We can assure you that it’s much better you know your competitors
beforehand and work out a strategy how to deal with them, rather than finding
out that a few weeks after you proudly open each of your new shops in Japan, a
Japanese company you have never heard about before, selling the same products
as you do opens a shop accross the road from your new shop offering similar
products at much lower prices, and keeps open until midnight, while your shops
close at 6pm. Sounds incredible? That’s exactly
Q. 3. In quality control of Toyota what do
you observe?
Answer:Total Quality Administration
(TQM) is definitely an approach which seeks to enhance quality as well as
performance that will meet or even exceed client expectations. This is often
achieved through integrating just about all quality-related features and
processes through the company. TQM discusses the general quality measures
utilized by an organization including controlling quality style and
improvement, quality manage and upkeep, quality enhancement, and high quality
assurance. TQM considers all high quality measures taken whatsoever levels as
well as involving just about all company workers.
Q. 4. Can Japanese, be really leader in
auto production and marketing, all over the world? Justify your moves.
Answer: The Japanese automotive
industry is one of the most prominent and largest industries in the world.
Japan has been in the top three of the countries with most cars manufactured
since the 1960s, surpassing Germany. The automotive industry in Japan rapidly increased
from the 1970s to the 1990s (when it was oriented both for domestic use and
worldwide export) and in the 1980s and 1990s, overtook the U.S. as the
production leader with up to 13 million cars per year manufactured and
significant exports. After massive ramp-up by China
Group B
Case -3
(10Marks)
How to Win
at Westinghouse
QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Describe the ways in which
international business has an impact on your life.
Answer: There are several different
ways to transport goods globally, of course. Ocean transportation is my area.
The container shipping industry has a huge impact on world trade, the
environment and history. Not only that, but also it provides valuable support in
subject areas such as geography, business studies, economics and commerce. I
truly am proud to be a part of this industry. That is why I wanted to gather
some simple facts for us all to learn and keep in mind in our daily routines.
As
far as history goes, the Egyptian coastal sailing ships were trading as early
as around 3,200 BC. Today, maritime transportation is at a stage where
Q. 2. Pick an Indian corporation with which
you are familiar and analyse the reasons why it might be motivated to expand its
internationalism.
Answer:Owing to the prevalence of a
realist conception in the literature on Chinese engagement with the developing
world, the notion of analysing Chinese aid practices according to humane
internationalism may at first glance seem a little odd. China, however, has a
long history of involvement—one that has undergone shifts in policies and
motivations and which has a broad spectrum of aspects often analysed
individually rather than as a complete set. These deserve to be analysed under
a more objective lens, rather than written off as realist solely because of
China’s perceived need to feed its rapidly developing
Q. 3. What sorts of adjustments might
McDonald’s have to make in its operations in India?
Answer: The international fast food
chains appear to understand the need for product customization particularly
well. A significant number of Indians are vegetarian by choice or for religious
reasons, and strict taboos remain on the mingling of vegetarian and non-vegetarian
foods in the same kitchen or on the same table. McDonald’s took note of that as
far back as 1990, when it began establishing local supplier partners, six years
before it opened its first restaurant in India. Working on its first no-beef,
no-pork menu, the company ensured that suppliers respected the beliefs of its
future customers. Vegetarian products are prepared with
Q. 4. What do you believe India must do to
improve its international competitiveness?
Answer: As economic reforms gain momentum,
India’s growth is likely to accelerate towards its high long-run potential.
Measures such as a national Goods and Services Tax (GST), accompanied by a
dismantling of inter-state check posts, can be transformational and
significantly improve the domestic and international competitiveness of Indian
manufacturing firms, said the latest India Development Update of the World
Bank.
According
to its estimates, simply halving the delays due to road blocks, tolls and other
stoppages could cut freight times by some 20-30 percent and logistics costs by
an even higher 30-40 percent. This alone can go a long way in boosting the
competitiveness of India’s key manufacturing sectors by 3 to 4 percent of net
sales, thereby helping India return to a high growth path and enabling large
scale job creation.
According
to the Update, a twice yearly report on
Q. 5. How do you perceive your managerial
career will have an impact by the phenomenon of international business?
Answer:Although the district manager
expected only average performance from this group, its productivity increased
significantly. This was because the assistant manager in charge of the group
refused to believe that she was less capable than the manager of the superstaff
or that the agents in the top group had any greater ability than the agents in
her group. She insisted in discussions with her agents that every person in the
middle group had greater potential than those in the superstaff, lacking only
their years of experience in selling insurance. She stimulated her agents to
accept the challenge of outperforming the superstaff. As a result, each year
Case-4 (10
Marks)
Doing
Business with the East—Motorola Style
QUESTIONS:
Q. 1. Describe some recent changes in your
life or in your community that reflects the world’s shift from the West to the
East.
Answer:Major shifts of power between
states, not to mention regions, occur infrequently and are rarely peaceful. In
the early twentieth century, the imperial order and the aspiring states of
Germany and Japan failed to adjust to each other. The conflict that resulted
devastated large parts of the globe. Today, the transformation of the
international system will be even bigger and will require the assimilation of
markedly different political and cultural traditions. This time, the populous
states of Asia are the aspirants seeking to play a greater role. Like Japan and
Germany back then, these rising powers are nationalistic, seek redress of past
grievances, and want to claim their place in the sun. Asia's growing economic
power is translating into
Q. 2. What factors would you suggest are
behind the shift from the West to the East?
Answer: Investors today would be wise
to view the words above as an appropriate metaphor for how to approach today’s
global economic landscape. Western industrialized economies that were once
viewed as the drivers of global economic growth are now struggling to recover
from the latest economic crisis and subsequent recession. Meanwhile, Asian
economies have continued relatively healthy growth and are now surpassing the
West as the new drivers of the global economy. The region’s unmatched growth
throughout the past decade has attracted investors looking to capitalize on the
region’s growing middle class and rising consumption; it has also given rise to
a new generation of investors in Asia who have benefited from rising wages and
a powerful export-driven economy.
China
is undoubtedly the locomotive behind Asian
Q. 3. Did Japanese management style evolve
from the Japanese culture, or did Japanese culture evolve from Japanese
management style?
Answer: In smaller companies, an
entirely different corporate culture developed. Similar to the Meister system
of Germany, new recruits are placed under skilled senior specialists and spend
years learning every technique that they have. They are trained to develop
deeper understanding of specific areas of skills instead of the broader and
less deep training that those in a larger corporation receive. They learn to
produce work of high quality using few simple tools and few or no advanced
industrial tools.
The
Japanese term "hourensou" (also rendered as “Ho-Ren-So”) refers to
frequent reporting, touching base and discussing -- important attributes that
are said to characterize collaboration and information flow within effective
Japanese corporate culture. "GenchiGenbutsu" refers to "getting
your hands dirty", to identify or solve immediate
Q. 4. Describe the business-government ties
that result in Japanese trade barriers.
Answer: Government-business relations
are conducted in many ways and through numerous channels in Japan. The most
important conduits in the postwar period are the economic ministries: the
Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI, formerly
the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, known as MITI). The Ministry
of Finance has operational responsibilities for all fiscal affairs, including
the preparation of the national budget. It initiates fiscal policies and,
through its indirect control over the Bank of Japan, the central bank, is
responsible for monetary policy as well. The Ministry of Finance allocates
public investment, formulates tax policies, collectes taxes, and regulates
foreign exchange.
The Ministries
Q. 5. Which of the Four Tigers of Asia do
you believe has the greatest potential for long-term economic growth? Why?
Answer: The "four tigers" of
Asia—Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan—built strong market
economies in the absence of truly democratic practices. Every country in the world faces profound dislocations in the
years ahead. Nothing will remain the
same, and there is no way to escape the new forces unleashed by the
accumulation of technology, changing tastes, and productivity. Every region of every country is becoming
more and more interdependent with the rest of the nation, its neighbors, and
the world. This presents major
consequences, both good and bad. There
is a clear dividend in terms of increased output per person. But can the process be dealt with in a way
that permits some management of
Q. 6. What must China do to realise the
magnitude of economic success earned by the Japanese?
Answer: China's economic system before
the late-1990s, with state ownership of certain industries and central control
over planning and the financial system, has enabled the government to mobilize
whatever surplus was available and greatly increase the proportion of the
national economic output devoted to investment.
Analysts
estimated that investment accounted for about 25 percent of GNP in 1979, a rate
surpassed by few other countries. Because of the comparatively low level of
GNP, however, even this high rate of investment secured only a small amount of
resources relative to the size of the country and the population. In 1978, for
instance, only 16 percent of
Q. 7. Outside of Singapore, which of the
other ASEAN nations holds potential for economic success? Why?
Answer:Labor-force expansion and
productivity improvements drive GDP growth—and ASEAN is making impressive
strides in both areas. Home to more than 600 million people, it has a larger
population than the European Union or North America. ASEAN has the
third-largest labor force in the world, behind China and India; its youthful
population is producing a demographic dividend. Perhaps most important, almost
60 percent of total growth since 1990 has come from productivity gains, as
sectors such as manufacturing, retail, telecommunications, and transportation
grow more efficient.
ASEAN
has dramatically outpaced the rest of the world on growth in GDP per capita
since the late 1970s. Income growth has remained strong since 2000,
Case -5 (10
Marks)
Winning with
Bureaucracy at McDonald’s
QUESTIONS
(any 5)
Q. 1. Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of the various forms of departmentalization?
Answer:Departmentalization involves
dividing an organization into different departments, which perform tasks
according to the departments' specializations in the organization.
Departmentalization as a means of structuring an organization can be found in
both public and private organizations. An organization can structure itself
into departments in the following ways.
Functional Departmentalization: In
functional departmentalization, an organization is organized into departments
based upon the respective functions each performs for the organization. For
example, a manufacturing company may create a production department, sales and
marketing department, an accounting department, and a human resources
Q. 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses
of a bureaucratic organisation?
Answer:Bureacracies are normally
accused of terrible inefficiency and rigidness.
I read an article once by a guy who said that bureaucracies are actually
very efficient and people complain because they have to have all their ducks in
a row in order to accomplish anything. Income tax might be a good example. Organizational
structure provides a backbone upon which all of a company's operational
policies and work processes are built. Managerial reporting relationships and
the flow of ideas, decisions and information are formally laid out by a
company's organizational structure. Structures can be relatively flat or tall;
taller structures tend
Q. 3. How does downsizing make firms more
competitive in the global arena?
Answer: In a greater competitive
marketplace, speed or response time is critical. How organizations response to
customers and other stakeholders or be the first to market may make a
significant difference as time is at a premium. Organizations that can develop
new technologies faster or can adapt to changes in the market faster are the
ones that will survive the competition. To maximize response time,
organizations have been flattening their hierarchies and structures, in
addition to other initiatives such as downsizing and networking. Flat
organizations make decisions more quickly because each person is closer to the
ultimate decision-makers. There are fewer levels of management, and workers are
empowered to
Q. 4. Compare and contrast bureaucratic
control with clan control. Which is better?
Answer:Bureaucratic Control:Bureaucratic
control is the use of rules, policies, hierarchy of authority, written
documentation, reward systems, and other formal mechanisms to influence
employee behavior and assess performance. Bureaucratic control can be used when
behavior can be controlled with market or price mechanisms.
Clan Control: Clan control represents
cultural values
Q. 5. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses
of budgeting?
Answer:A budget is a quantitative
expression of a plan for a defined period of time. It may include planned sales
volumes and revenues, resource quantities, costs and expenses, assets,
liabilities and cash flows. It expresses strategic plans of business units,
organizations, activities or events in measurable terms.A budget is an important
concept in microeconomics, which uses a budget line to illustrate the
trade-offs between two or more goods. In other terms, a budget is an
organizational plan stated in monetary terms.
Q. 6. How can a manager make control
systems more effective?
Answer:Companies achieve their goals by
developing strategic plans and implementing control systems to make sure their
operations are proceeding according to plan. Such control systems are effective
when they limit deviations from the strategic plan and alert management when
deviations are large enough to endanger the plan. Effective control systems
also ensure that company activities comply with legal and regulatory
requirements and internal standards. This is especially important for small
businesses where practices may be more informal.
CASE 6:
(10Marks)
Political
Risk Assessment and Euro Disney
QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Describe the major conflicts that
arise between the host country and the MNC.
Answer: Although the Multinational
Corporations (MNCs) has no power over the host government, if may have
considerable power under that government. By being able to influence certain
factors, the MNC has the opportunity to help or harm national economics; in this
sense, it may be said to have power against host governments. Critics of the
MNC perceive these powers as potential perils to host societies. The strategic
aspects of a host country’s national policy that are subject to the influence
of the MNC include:
Q. 2. Discuss the major conflicts that
arise between the home country and the MNC.
Answer:1. Extract excessive profits because
of their general monopolistic advantages:
Some
multinational companies are involved in a product which does not have any competition
in the host country either because of technological sophistication or patents.
This results in monopoly with price controls in the hands of the MNCs. This was
the major complaint of the government of India against Coca Cola Company which
prompted the company to cease operations there. Similarly, companies like IBM
may have a price
Q. 3. What role does ideology play in the
manifestation of political risk?
Answer:Political risk has been a
significant factor in international business since the end of World War Two.
Some challenges have been nearly continuous throughout this period, and can be
regarded in some respects as ‘background noise’ at the global level, even if
the political landscape might shift dramatically in specific locations. We will
address these routine issues here and explain their effect on international
businesses.
There
have also been signiicant discontinuities in the global political landscape,
especially in the last two decades. These macro-shifts have not necessarily
changed the array of risks facing international business, but they have changed
the character of
Q. 4. Evaluate both the good and bad
features of international law as it impacts international business.
Answer: International law is the set of
rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states
and between nations.It serves as a framework for the practice of stable and
organized international relations. International law differs from state-based
legal systems in that it is primarily applicable to countries rather than to
private citizens. National law may become international law when treaties
delegate national jurisdiction to supranational tribunals such as the European
Court of Human Rights or the International Criminal Court. Treaties such as the
Geneva Conventions may require national law to conform to respective parts.
Much
of international law is consent-based gove
Q. 5. Speculate the main reasons behind the
various forms of host country intervention?
Answer:In recent years, the efforts of
host governments to maintain control over their own national economies have
increasingly restricted the freedom of MNC managers in deploying economic
resources. Of equal importance, host governments have often interfered with the
autonomous process of MNC strategy formulation.
Managers
who are or who are likely to be faced with such restrictions may find it useful
to distinguish between these two different kinds of government intervention.
The first, which sets the fiscal and regulatory ground rules for an MNC’s
Q. 6. Give recent examples of international
situations in which MNCs have been at severe risk due to host country Instability?
Answer: Foreign business operations and
investments are affected by societal actions and policies, as well as,
governmental regulations and restrictions; thus, making MNC particularly
vulnerable. Societal actions, which have
increased, include war, revolutions, terrorism, and civil unrest. MNC must be conscious of political unrest,
instability, and the disposition of the government of a current or future
foreign market. Political instability is
the most detrimental risk due to its element of instability. When political turmoil exists, so does social
and economic unrest. For example, some
Latin American countries welcome private
Q. 7. Review the various forms of
protection from political risk that are available to MNCs?
Answer:In general, there are two types
of political risk, macro risk and micro risk. Macro risk refers to adverse
actions that will affect all foreign firms, such as expropriation or
insurrection, whereas micro risk refers to adverse actions that will only
affect a certain industrial sector or business, such as corruption and
prejudicial actions against companies from foreign countries. All in all,
regardless of the type of political risk that a multinational corporation
faces, companies usually will end up losing a lot of money if they are unprepared
for these adverse situations. For example, after Fidel Castro's government took
control of Cuba in 1959
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